An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay In our increasingly globalised, distributed computer systems have been changed several aspect of our life, especially parallel computing; these days commercial application provide the strength of the development of faster computer, which allow a large amount data in sophisticated way, for instances, economic and financial modelling, database, multimedia technology, and oil exploration. Parallel computing has the ability to solve larger problems, provide the attribute of concurrency, save time and money. Distributed systems architecture leads to a wider use of parallelism as future of computing sector; this evolution made possible to run software on concurrent process on multiple processors. One of the main issues in designing concurrent software is election algorithm. The issue of election algorithm is the very question the current paper seeks to answer. The importance of this issue leads to effectiveness enhancements by develop and design algorithm use a new technique. Therefore, the aims of this dissertation are design and develop this technique, also discuss the benefits of parallel computing. Rationale I have been used the computer and the internet for several of years, my concentration is networks with emphasis in distributed systems. Recently, the internet is vastly interconnected a variety number of computer networks in many different institutions, which make a huge motivation to be professional user; therefore, my MSc course at Oxford Brookes University is really brilliant opportunity for achieving this goal with deep information path for further research in software engineering and networks. In particularly distributed systems are one of the significantly growing on demand in this sector, as they used to accelerate the computational speed of the problem solving. Thus, one of the most fundamental problems in distributed systems is the leader failure, furthermore, it is spectacular to improve and enhance my C language programming. With all these changes in the area of computer industry, my goal to helps and assists for use the election algorithm in distributed systems with a new technique and software for solving the coordinator failure. During study of distributed systems with connecting of parallel computing, this was bring a new interested challenge to go more further in development and contribute to gain wide rang of knowledge, all of these will have prepared me for a future career in computer software engineering and broadened my perspective and enriched my life beyond my career aspiration. Preliminary Research (maybe) Objectives The objectives of this dissertation is to research and develop the theme of an election in distributed systems which allow a group of processes to elect one process to act as a coordinator when a failure happen. However, as well as to achieve this goal PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) and improve the understanding of this environment as it will used as an environment message passing for this project, this facility provides send and receive data message between processes and support concurrent programming, moreover it is easy and simple to spawn a set of processes. One of the most significant advantages of PVM is provide unified framework within parallel programs like cluster, where is possible for a programmer to divide a block of data into tasks that can run concurrently by send and receive data to all processes. This paper will focus on how to produce an election algorithm use above idea. This environment will be written in C language, and there will be a main program (Master), in which the user can initialise and make the declaration for the main attribute of executed program; there are varieties of functions to send and receive all data types during the communication between programs. The second program called (Slave), this program will carryout the operation after receive the data from master program, then packet the result and send it back. Finally, a part from the objectives will be self skills specifically improve project planning, programming as well as project writing skills. Methods The research methods which used to achieve these objectives will be as the following: Research the Oxford Brookes library for books and documentation for the distributed systems and specially an election and agreement, the library has a lot of sources, the book Distributed Systems: Principle and Paradigms [7] has cover important information to achieve the goal of this project; also the book Distributed Systems: Concept and Design [1] the was a brilliant theory to cover the distributed systems. Another book was giving a complete list of function, examples, and explanation to be familiar with virtual environment [2]. On the other hand, research the Internet, which has a lot of useful materials and describing an election algorithm [3]. Study and evaluate some kinds of algorithms those help and develop the topology idea of the project to achieve my goal. Produce a solution design to meet the requirement of the problem, as well as developed which needed for every task and discussed the findings with my supervisor. Moreover, PVM message passing communication design which gives a right direct path for problem solving. Implement every task as a proposed design use PVM library written in C language. System run and testing will be done on Cluster of school of technology. Make a review and keep an arranging to complete writing of the final report. Testing (may) Resources This dissertation will be achieved by using a variety of resources of software and hardware, also some of information and documents sources that cover all the area of the research. Software The environment of code will be writing in C language, that it support concurrent computer and UNIX, as well as it is simple language to understand. Moreover, it is also support the software PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). PVM is mainly designed for using by concurrent and heterogeneous environment; it is possible for providing a virtual view. There are many of useful websites like (http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/). Hardware The Cluster of Brookes School of Technology will be needed to implement the project, and all test and run steps will do on it. The cluster consists of 6 nodes with 1 main node ssh 161.73.146.51 connected as processors and run PVM which installed in every node. Information Sources and Experts Advice There are several of documentation belongs to PVM which can be found in the book of A Users Guide and Tutorial for Networked Parallel Computing as mentioned earlier, and websites [4]. Further more, the lectures of modules software technologies that have a good reference of covering the topic of distributed systems in general. Besides all of this my supervisor/tutor Chris Cox who gives useful advice and information as he is specialise in distributed systems programming. Schedule PERT Chart Gantt Chart Abstract The election algorithm code has been implemented according to the design decision made. It includes function to perform sending and receiving (communication channel) operations for group of functions to Acknowledgement I would like to take the opportunity to thank my supervisor Mr. Chris Cox who was always available to support when I missed up; I am deeply indebted for his constant help and advice. Since this push to more steps in my research, this reflects on the right direction to the target of finishing the dissertation. I want to thank my friend Abobaker Almowfeq for his encouragement and advice. Finally, I dedicated this thesis to my parents and thank them for the supporting throughout my MSc study in the UK. I am honoured to show my respects to them. They were my powerful source of energy. Contents Dissertation Plan Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Importance of Concurrent Programming The Need of Election in Distributed Systems Structure of this Document Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Election Algorithm Theory Description Bully Algorithm Ring Algorithm Method Introduction Design Stage The Core Algorithm Comments on the Algorithm Evolution of the Core Algorithm The Software Development C Language PVM Cluster Testing Failure Simulation Testing Function Conclusions Critical Appraisal of the Project Achievement Area of Future Improvement Work Schedule Review Lessons Learnt List of Abbreviation DDMS (Distributed Database Management System) MPI (Message Passing Interface) MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) SMP (Symmetric Multi Processing) List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction The Importance of Concurrent Programming The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of concurrent programming computing, a concurrent program is a set of sequential programs that can be executed in parallel [book of principles concurrent]. On the theme of distributed systems that enable the computers to coordinate their activities and share hardware, software, and data. The strategies characteristics of the systems which include shared state, multiple computers, and a processor that suited to a particular function to make the improvement for performance and utilization. As well as the concurrent computing have the availability of fault interconnections give the predominance over all the others. All of these offer several advantages: The cost of this computing can be low; each individual task assigned to appropriate architecture that lead to optimized performance. Network computing can be offer a computer task partitioning along of services functions. Another advantage, the computing networks ha ve the capability to execute subtasks of a computation on tolerance. Consequently, one of the major problems that distributed systems face is the failure; this problem can be solved by election algorithm for the agreement to only one node that distinguished and all other nodes aware of it. Thus this paper describes the design and producing an algorithm to achieve communication of parallel programming in virtual environment. The Need of Election in Distributed System Election process is a program distributed over all nodes. When the leader has failed and discovered by one or more nodes, then election starts. The leader election algorithms are used in many topologies. For example, in token ring and when the node that has token fails, a new node should be selected from the system to have the token. The leader election is also used to sole single point failure in client-server that is when the systems need to transfer the leadership to another station and the fail occurs. Many researches have studied the subject of leader election algorithms. The researches presented different techniques and strategies to deal with the election algorithm. The objective of this dissertation is to research the election algorithm in distributed systems and design and develop an election algorithm in distributed systems to choose and agreed with biggest identifier to be coordinator. The software systems PVM used as a library of design and development. Structure of this Documents This dissertation has structured and separated into three parts. The first part describes and discusses the research topic theory of the election algorithm in distributed systems, as provides some applications with description to show and investigate their use in the subject of election algorithm. The second part describes the methodology that adapted to accomplish this dissertation, as well as outline design of the core algorithm and development description which shows the dissertation deliverables. The final part outlines the conclusion with achievement of this project. Chapter 2 Research This section shows the research and development of the related investigation; and moreover, the works that have been done relating election algorithm. It covers the theory of distributed systems and the failure problems; this part was particularly important in the progress of understanding an election and the agreement in distributed systems; and gives a clear idea for design the core algorithm. The need for software technologies module lectures, specially distributed systems was deceive; there were brief description for some material and examples of programming code those were good point to start from for this dissertation. Election Algorithm Theory (in Distributed Systems As more and more, distributed systems have been rapidly changed the field of computer science. Distributed systems are application that executes a collection of autonomous network computers to coordinate and communicate their action. However, the major goal of distributed systems including the ability to connect remote users with remote resources in open scalable way; in other words give an easy way and simple way for the users and application to access remote resources, and sharing the facilities included by efficient/controlled way. Furthermore, the brilliant benefits of sharing resources are vary; the obvious one is economic, that is to say reduce the expenditure for institutions, such as Universities, and also the collaboration will be easier to connect users and resources. This characteristic is a direct as a result of having independent computer [7]. Description An election algorithm: Is an algorithm for solving the coordinator election problem which is choosing a unique process from among a group of processes on different processors to act as central coordinator in distributed system, that is to say a group of processes on different machines need to make agreement to choose a coordinator[7]. However, there is no way to choose/select one process, if all processes are exactly the same and there are no distinguishing characteristics. Accordingly, there requirement is for the choice of elected process to be unique; hence election algorithm attempt to locate process with highest process number and designate it as coordinator [7]. When a failure occurs, which means one or more node fails, or during a communication channel fails the subsystem that enables the nodes/processes to communicate; there is necessity for the nodes to start coordination agreement to elect node for new situation, therefore live nodes can continue working to fulfil their task [3]. Distributed systems have to be adaptable to failures at least by two strategies. The first strategy is a capability for operating continuously and correctly by have software when failures occur (using an algorithm). The other strategy is to take a period of time out to reorganize the system by temporarily halt operation (reorganization by coordinator) [3]. The election algorithms vary, for example: Wired system which are for instances. Bully Algorithm (the biggest guy in town wins) Ring Algorithm Wireless system Very large-scale system Bully Algorithm It is an election algorithm, in the paper of Election in a Distributed Computing Systems by Garcia-Molina [9]; this algorithm can handle process crashes and the presumptions are all processes have got unique identity, all other processes in the network are known by every process and the system is synchronous, that is, there is a maximal time limit T within a request and if the requested process P is alive the request will be answered. However, the algorithm defined as, when there is no responding to the requests from the coordinator, there will an initiating for an election. Therefore: The process P send an election-message to all processors with higher numbers than itself, then P waits for answer-message. The process P will itself elected (P win the election), if the answer-messages are not arrive with in the time T, after that sends a coordinator message to all processors a lower number. Process P will wait a further time period T a coordinator message, if there is one or more answer-message A process P receives an election message and returns the answer-message, then start the algorithm from the beginning if there is nothing have been done before. A process P receives the coordinator message register the senders number and considers it elected. The algorithm will be started , when faulty process restarts; if the process which was previously down comes back up, it holds an election and if happens to be the highest numbered process currently running, this will win the election and take over the job of coordinator. As a result of that the biggest process in all processes always wins; therefore the name is bully algorithm. Here an example of the election of coordinator P2 after the failure of P4 [3]. Election Coordinator Stage 1 Election P1 P4 P3 P2 Answer Election Coordinator Election P1 Stage 2 Election P4 Election P3 P2 Answer Stage 4 Stage 3 coordinator Time out P1 P2 P3 P4 P2 P1 P3 P4 Figure (Bully Algorithm) In this operation, four processes are shown when process P1 detect the failure of the coordinator P4, therefore it is announces an election in the stage 1; during the receiving an election-message from P1, processes P2 and P3 send answer-message to P1 and start their own elect-ion, then in the stage 2, P3 sends an answer-message to P2, for P3 has no answer-message received from P4 which is failed process. Consequently, it decides that it is the coordinator; moreover, in stage 3 P3 fails too before it can send out the coordinator-message. When the timeout period expires for P1, it deduces the absence of the coordinator-message and begins another election; eventually P2 is elected coordinator. Ring Algorithm An election which is suitable for a collection of processes based on the use of a ring; in the book Distributed Systems Concepts and design [1] chapter12 section 12.3 provides a good reference and explanation of the subject of coordination and agreement. However, the messages are sent clockwise around the ring, any process can begin an election initially, every process is marked as nonparticipant in an election, it proceeds by making itself as a participant, so when any process notices that the coordinator is not functioning, it builds an election-message placing its identifier in an election message and sending it to its clockwise neighbour, when an election-message is received by a process, it compare the identifier in the message with its own, the message will be forwarded if the arrived identifier is greater than a received process; whereas, if the arrived identifier is smaller and the receiver is not a participant, then it substitutes its own identifier in the message and forwards it, but if it is already a participant, it does not forward the message. In addition, if the received identifier is that of the receiver itself, thus this identifier must be the greatest, and it becomes the coordinator. Accordingly, the coordinator makes itself as a non-participant once more and sends an elected message to its neighbours announcing its election and enclosing its identity. As well as, if the neighbour process which is received the election message is down, the sender will skip over the neighbour and goes to the next member along the ring, or the one after that until a running process is located. P1 Adds 3 (2 ,3) P1 Coordinator P2 P4 P2 P4 P2 Elected P3 Elect P3 message (2,3) P3 Elect-P2 message (2) P3 Elect-P3 message (2,3) Stage 2 Stage 1 Coordinator = P3 Sends elected P3 (2,3) P1 P4 P2 Elected P3 message P3 receives the message P3 Stage 3 Figure (Ring Algorithm) Supposing P2 detects that coordinator P4 is not responding, thus P2 sets active-list to ( ) and sends elect-P2 message to P3, after P2 sets active-list to (2). However, P3 receives elect-P2 which is the first message has been seen, so P3 sets its active-list to(2,3); then P3 sends elect-P3 towards P4 and sends elect-P2 also respectively, the message will pass P4 and P1 due to their crash and reach P2, the process P2 adds 3 to active-list (2,3), then P2 forward elect-P3 to P3 and receives the elect-P2 message which leads to choose P3 from P2 as the highest processes in its-list (2,3) and sends an elected P3 message, finally P3 receives the elected-P3 and P3 choose P3 as the highest process in its-list. This is an example of process which consists of four processes and the assumption is P1 and P4 are crashed. Distributed Database systems Distributed database technology required to merging of two significant concepts, the integration via the element of database and distribution through the element of networking. Therefore, distributed database management system (DDBMS) provides the powerful tools for managing an integrated collection of shared data, and supply total solution to information processing problems within large organization. Furthermore, the reliability of the data communication facility will be takes into its possibility. However, distributed database require one process to be a unique as coordinator to perform some activities. The [5] provides a reference for using election to choose the coordinator as continuing for duty is required when the coordinator process fails. The election algorithm [6] of TEMPO that running on Berkeley gives another use of choosing a unique process to be coordinator. TEMPO is a distributed system program that adapted on master and slave techniques running on individual process. The reliable communication services for LAN which TEMPO works in and to be sure about its continuity, an election is necessary to elect a new master and should have the ability to perform: withstand the failure of process when the election begin, deal with network partitions, and collect information about the topology of the system by allowing a time daemon. Chapter 3 Method Introduction This chapter describes the design and implementation of the election algorithm. The main point of the design is the aspect which will be used and adapted in order to finish this project; therefore various assumptions and decisions are made to develop main algorithm. In the dissertation proposal report there was assumption idea about the algorithms to be used, but when some design concepts have reviewed and researched the algorithm that based on Bully Algorithm was adapted. All following section covers technical and practical explanation, as well as the process of the design which are made. Finally, testing process to shows the algorithm performance Design Stage The Problem Specification Design After finishing the necessary requirement and research, there were many possible idea gathered in order to produce the design, formulate a clear manner of main election algorithm, and how to achieve the efficient solution to the problem. The design of the communication must take into account the topology of the network, which will be (cluster); the algorithms presented here assume a fully connected topology. Furthermore, the assumption that communications are error free is an abstraction and the assumption of finite but arbitrary transit times for messages is consistent; the algorithm do not to be sensitive to change in the relative speeds of the channel and processors at the nodes, so the correctness will never depend on absolute times. For each node there will be a unique identification number, the message passing model is consistent with that provided with PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). There are two statements for communication: Sending and receiving messages Send (MessageType, Destination [, Parameters]) Receive (MessageType [, Parameters]) For example below node 1 sends a message of type request to node 2 with two integer parameters values 13 and 27. integer k= 13 send (request, 2, k, 27) integer m, n receive (request, m, n) node 1 node 2 (Node communication) When the message is received at node 2, these values are transferred to the variable m and n declared at the node. The core Algorithm Architecture Discuss the algorithm process Send side: Receive side: The design of the algorithm will using fully connected, and it is extremely efficient in that any node can send a message directly to any other nodes, but it is extremely expensive because it needs more communication channel. This design allows process to crush during the election where there are three types of messages; an election message is sent to announce an election; an answer message is sent in response to an election message and coordinator message is sent to announce the identity of the elected process. The drawing below shows four nodes which containing the data structures, that is A node identity and the number chosen by each nod 13 elected message{1.2.3.4} node 1 elected message {1} {1,2,3,4} {1,2} {1,2,3,4} 22 7 node 4 node 2 elected message{1,2} elected message{1,2,3} 18 node 3 {1,2,3} Figure (Fully Communication Architecture) The assumption of the election start from node 1 and the message is send to all other nodes ; and every process marked as nonparticipant in an election, when node 1 initiates/builds the election message placing with it its identifier which is 13 in active list {1} and sends it to all nodes neighbour, when as election message is received by all nodes, they compare the identifier in the message (13) with their own, consequently node 2 sends reply message to all nodes, because other nodes have lower identifier than it does. On another hand, node 4 does not send any reply message, instead adding all other nodes to its active list; also node 3 sends reply to both node 1 and node 4 but not for node 2; node 1 will reply message only to node 4 due to that the identifier number of node 1 is bigger than node 4. When node 2 sends reply message with its identifier which is the highest one to all nodes, its regarded as coordinator election message, and it will wait a period of time, then if it does not receive any reply from the nodes, thus it sends a message to all other nodes declare itself as coordinator. Node status is normal except while the node is in the process of joining a new group. Each node that is not the leader of a group call to checks whether the leader of its group is still alive, by sending a message to the leader and waiting for a reply. If the node does not receive a reply within the timeout period, the node invokes a recovery procedure. Each leader i call a check procedure, which sends message to every other node asking whether that node is a leader. If one or more other nodes reply that it is a leader, node i pauses for a time inversely proportional to its priority (this helps prevent multiple nodes from initiating elections concurrently) and then calls a merge procedure. The merge procedure sends message to all of other leaders, inviting them to join a new group with the inviting node as leader. When the leader i receives an invitation, it forwards the invitation to the other members of its group. A node i that receives an invitation (directly or indirectly), sends an accept message to the proposed leader of the group. If node I receives a reply to its accept message within some time-out period, then node i joins the new group, otherwise, node i calls the recovery procedure. If two nodes are in the same group, then they have the same leader at all times, for all operational node i and j, if status i = normal and status j = normal. Reliable Broadcast To ensure essentially that all correct processes deliver the same message, and that messages broadcast by correct processes are delivered. Furthermore, it ensures that no different messages with the same identifier are delivered. The consideration that, the reliable broadcast is executed by function broadcast (message) as the following: Reliable broadcast1 Validity: If a correct process broadcast message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast2 Agreement: If a correct process delivers a message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast3 Integrity: For any identifier ID, every correct process p delivers at most one message M with identifier ID, and if sender (M) is correct then M was previously broadcast by sender (M). The election message will use the flag, so the flag is used by application to inform which node is alive or dead, and below there is some assumption for that Comments on the core Algorithm First of all, the design in these algorithms have been influenced by Because the sender It long words here Amer Evolution on the core Algorithm Software Development When the choice of the design has made, and finishing the messages passing communication mechanism for the election algorithm. Furthermore, after final manner for the communication topology has chosen and proved , some technical and technology materials are required to reach the goal of this dissertation, like which kind of library and hardware to be used to implement, run and test the algorithm, also which language to be easy for the programming. Thus, the following sections discuss these issues. The C Language The simplicity of C language to learn, understand, and the advantage of its widely spread led me to make the choice to be adapted it as a programming language for the code of this project. Moreover, it is origin as the language of UNIX operating systems. This also gives more advantage as PVM library written in C, so it specifies a standard library with an extensive set of function that being powerful and efficient language. It is support low level of both applications the distributed and the network one. The Cluster Computers A computer cluster is a set of connected or linked computers that working close to each other through high speed local area networks to form a single computer. A cluster at least has two computer that called nodes, one master which typically has a job scheduler that arrange the work to slave

Findings †secondary research Essay

The Bank of China was established in 1912 and thus has a long history of experience in the Chinese banking industry. The bank gained velocity in 1994, after it assumed the role of a state owned commercial bank and in 2003. The liberalization of Chinese economy and the growth of the banking sector has seen rapid growth of Chinese banks into self sustaining institutions of profit despite state control. Bank of China has been quick to adapt to these changes and has thus benefited over the years. The overall business profile of the Bank of China involves, commercial to include corporate as well as retail banking. In addition it has engaged in treasury business as well as conducts financial institutions banking. The corporate banking segment provides financial services to customers with a view to provide them total solutions for all their financial requirements. (About Bank of China,. 2006). On the other hand retail banking is designed to provide customers personal banking services to include savings deposits, credit carts and to the high value customers wealth management business. The treasury business segment includes provision of facilities for currency trading, management of funds, secured debts, financing within and overseas and other ancillary fund management services. As a banking financial institution, the Bank of China provides clearing, lending between banks and custodian services to banks, brokerage houses, funds and insurance operators. The bank claims to be customer centered and has a rich experience of providing banking services, thereby establishing its credentials in the rapidly growing Chinese economy. It is thus providing a complete range of services for personal as well as business banking. HSBC as a prime component of the HSBC group has a vast experience and presence in the global banking industry. HSBC has enhanced its global presence over the years by dynamically adjusting to the growing challenge of fitting in global services in a local World with typical local needs. Thus it fashions itself as the Worlds local bank. HSBC provides a wide range of personal and business banking packages on a variety of platforms to provide value based services to the customer. These have been covered in detail in the previous chapter. To highlight the same a view of the wide range of business insurance packages that have been made available by the bank, to include virtually all the possible contingencies for which insurance is required by business such as small business for turnover less than ? 1 million or less than 10 employees, commercial packaged insurance, customer packaged insurance, business car insurance, keyman insurance for principals in the business should indicate the depth of services provided by it. The insurance package also covers share holders and partners, professional indemnity and trade credit. It is therefore evident that HSBC has been providing complete banking solutions for individuals as well as corporate. Questionnaire to Customers – Bank of China and HSBC The researcher prepared a questionnaire related to the study and 40 clients across a wide cross section of personal and corporate customers were requested to take part in it. These included 10 customers each from Bank of China and HSBC, London. The questionnaire is at Appendix. Multiple choices have been provided to the respondents to ease response as well as collation and analysis. Detailed findings on response to questionnaire are as given below.

A firework display Essay

The dull, murky water of Lake Windermere was surrounded by the happiness and laughter of the anticipating audience. Children spontaneously danced round the hypnotising bonfire, only to be outshone by the dazzling fireworks as they spiralled into the pitch black sky. Fragrant delicious smells filtered through the air as food was prepared. Bright lights and heckles from the games stalls lured the children in like a lion to its prey. Bonfire Night at Lake Windermere is a night to be remembered! Fireworks lit up the sky like the neon glow of the Northern lights. The sounds and colours exploding from them were phenomenal. A colossal rocket pierced the night sky as it crackled and popped skyward to its doom. Catherine wheels spun like banshees trying to escape the clutches of its captor, finally slowing to an undramatic end. Sprays of crimson lava spewed from the fountain firework like a mini volcanic eruption. Everyone seemed to stop and watch in wonder as the blood red haze from the traffic light entranced them, the spell finally broken when a wave of aluminous green light gave them the signal to move along. Juices drizzled and sizzled from the burgers. The smell of salt and vinegar wafted through the air, as succulent hot dogs were grilled on the barbecue. Children buzzed around like bees pursuing the sweet smelling nectar of popcorn and candy floss as it lingered in the air. Bonfire night favourites, sticky toffee apples and treacle toffee, are being devoured messily, but tasted as sweet as honey. Parents despair as over enthusiastic children scream and shout, only to be tamed by the promise of treats from the eager stall owners. Fluffy animals are dangled everywhere. Delightful squeals echo around the amusements stall, as the game is finally conquered and victory is obtained and the priceless spoils are handed over. Excited children hopped around the raging crackling bonfire as they magically created mystical images with glowing sparklers. Cold, weary parents are drawn to the warmth and comfort of the roaring flames, as it slowly breathed life back into their chilled bodies. The heat turned their faces red like fresh juicy cherries. The bright yellow and orange flickering blaze captivated and memorised the crowd, and the inferno roared like a dragon as  it spat and spluttered singed wood and charcoal. Like a cat, the flames licked the scrawny Guy Fawkes at the top. He stood there, lifeless, dressed in tatty old clothes with bright red eyes, and looked like the devil as he was engulfed and consumed by the intense fire. Smoke filled the air. It tasted bitter, and snaked and slithered into the watching eyes of the crowd making them glisten and sting. Couples, hand in hand, romantically sauntered down to the icy waters edge. Together as one they would light their lantern, kiss gently, and then snuggle together to watch as it gracefully glided and twirled across the glistening lake like a prima ballerina. The silence, tranquilly and romance was broken as children raced to the lake eager to be the first one to light one of the special lanterns. Their hands shook as they tried so hard to be careful with the wafer thin lantern. As they cautiously set the lanterns down onto the rippling water, it gradually edged its way into the dark unknown. The once murky dark lake was now lit up like a Christmas tree, with fireflies shimmering across its surface. Bonfire Night drew to a close. Tired, weary children were snuggled up like little lambs in their parent’s arms, all ready for their warm cosy bed, their favourite teddy bear, and a good night kiss from Mum and Dad. Couples arm in arm gradually walked home. A relaxed and content glow on all their faces after a fun filled evening. The once raging bonfire was now just glowing embers twisting and turning like fireflies. The night sky returned to its peaceful existence. The smell of gunpowder was everywhere, and the lake mirrored the night sky with the lanterns twinkling like stars.

Sympathy for Macbeth - 1715 Words

Do we have any sympathy for Macbeth at the end of the play? Our first impressions of Macbeth are that he is a hero, he is brave and fearless, and although we get this impression we also get the feeling that he is ruthless. We get this impression from the way he is referred to when his name is first mentioned. Macbeth has just been in battle against The merciless Macdonwald and a Captain is talking about how Macbeth and his fellow Captain, Banquo, performed in battle. While Macbeth is in battle the Thane of Cawdor is found to be a traitor and executed. The King, Duncan, hears of Macbeth s bravery and grants him the Thane s title. This leads us to believe that Macbeth is in no way a traitor and that he is brave enough to deserve such a†¦show more content†¦There s one did laugh in s sleep, and one cried Murder! Act 2 scene 2 line 20 After Duncan s murder Macbeth changes dramatically. He begins to speak in more sinister tones and doesn t seem to care about anything other than what he had done to Duncan; he wishes he could go back and change what he did. His attitude changes towards Lady Macbeth and anyone else he talks to. He starts to prophesise his own death and he begins to blame Lady Macbeth. He becomes cunning in his lying towards others, mainly towards Banquo and himself although he does hint towards his guilt. shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more Act 2 scene 2 line 44 For ruin s wasteful entrance; there are the murderers, Steeped in the colours of their trade Act 2 scene 3 lines 111-112 Macbeth s lowest point is when he hires two murderers and becomes delusional and slightly insane. Macbeth hires the murderers to kill Banquo as he is the next step for Macbeth to become King. He now believes that if he has killed the King, he may as well kill Banquo and Fleance, his son, as nothing worse can happen. He believes this because he is now set on becoming King and nothing will stand in his way. Macbeth is losing sleep and is having nightmares and he has to hide his mental state so that he is not suspected byShow MoreRelated Sympathy for Lady Macbeth Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesSympathy for Lady Macbeth In this essay I am going to answer the question above and I will do this by saying whether or not I feel sympathy for lady Macbeth and I go through different parts in the play. After reading parts of the play and watching the video I don’t’ feel very much sympathy for lady Macbeth, although I do feel some sympathy for her in some parts in the play. Over all I think that lady Macbeth is a fiend as she says stuff that’s not very nice to make Macbeth do the things thatRead MoreSympathy for Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesSympathy for Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth The sympathy that we have for Macbeth changes greatly as the play progresses. 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