Analysis of High Turnover Rate :: essays research papers

Investigation of High Turnover Rate Presentation High turnover pace of minorities and female representatives has become a difficult issue in the United States. Despite the fact that numerous ethnic races structure this nation, male Anglo-Saxons rule most of the workforce. It isn't remarkable for minority and female representatives to leave their organization after just laboring for a couple of years. Why has this conduct become a pattern? So as to stop this pattern, organizations must ask themselves a few inquiries. For instance, what are the issues causing the high turnover rate? What lawful and moral issues are the organizations confronting? After these inquiries have been posed and handled, arrangements must be actualized to change the progression of the pattern. While actualizing answers for the high turnover rate, organizations must know and comprehend the law. The law is made and implemented by the legislature to forestall any separation or inclinations between the organization and workers. It likewise forestalls the solid, organizations, from exploiting the powerless, representatives. Keeping a high turnover rate, organizations will keep on losing cash until they choose to manage the issue. Through certain modifications and usage of the projects to bring down turnover rates, the organization can see a noteworthy change in their expenses and what they may really spare. Organizations must comprehend the potential danger that high turnover rate may cause organization. By dissecting banks, one can get what and where the difficult falsehoods. Proclamation of Problem Representative turnover costs are exorbitant to an organization. Turnover influences the reality as well as influences the company’s confidence. We are dissecting the issues inside our organization that are making our representatives become unsatisfied with their activity. At that point we are going to discover arrangements. And afterward do the quotes of the turnover costs and the turnover investment funds after our answers are executed. Without comprehend the negative effects of turnover, an organization might be putting itself in a place that will at last lead to their destruction. We will take care of our issues and set our organization on the way to progress, a triumph that isn't just reflected in our main concern yet in addition our employees’ spirit. History Examination As of now, the Bank of Tomenak workers 20,000 individuals, which just 35% are female or minority. The normal semiannual turnover rate for our females and minority workers is 65%. The normal turnover cost for one representative is evaluated to be 18% of their yearly pay.

Julian free essay sample

As I stood gracelessly at the platform, anxiously spinning the silver band on my thumb, I could feel the indications of frenzy: brevity of breath, shuddering of the heart, flushed cheeks. I let out an automatic pant for air, and as it hung in the strained quietness of the room, two potential roads of departure entered my thoughts: one which would include leaping out a window, the other a trial of my hand at pretending a sickness. All things considered, I realized that I needed to finish the tryout, and I had my sibling to fault for it. Julian is a multi year old, Haight Ashbury, radical in bodily form, one of a kind in everything from his supper table tirades to his neon shaded style. Where he is strong and uproarious, I am modest and held. I am not one to look for the spotlight and, while I won’t deny my preference for attire, I’m not one to make a champion design explanation, or to contend a point in class, or to sing so anyone might hear. We will compose a custom paper test on Julian or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Julian then again will stand up in history to safeguard the approaches of Andrew Jackson. He’ll refer to Kerouac and Ginsberg, quote Holden Caulfield, regurgitate some Nietzschean reasoning now and again. Remotely, it would seem like Julian and I are oil and water, furthest edges of a range, however inside I have discovered that we are entirely comparable. Julian epitomizes a considerable lot of the qualities that I relate to: just he is frank in seeking after them, while I am increasingly reluctant. For Julian, there are no restrictions since he decides not to recognize them, and it is his nonattendance of impediments, his grit, that caused me to trust I could be gallant also. Remaining there at the platform, all things considered, I would either separate in tears, throw, or gag, rather than having the option to sing for my acapella tryout. I reviled Julian for talking me into it and envisioned myself back at home, spread out on the lounge chair viewing Seinfeld, with a Cup O noodles in a single hand and a dark espresso in the other. I was singing ‘Santa Baby’ for my tryout, a provocative melody decision which I was rapidly beginning to lament. My lone encouragement came as the very words that had provoked me to tryout: â€Å"Prove to yourself, not others, what you can be.† Over and over again it played in my mind, the voice of my sibling, quieting me, disclosing to me that I had nothing to fear, that nothing could stop me aside from my own impression of myself. Mrs. Ditty, the tune educator, gave me ‘the nod’, the signal provoking me to sing. I remained there idiotically for a couple of moments, looking right back at the diverted appointed authorities. I had advantageously overlooked the main line. The fleeting deadness went to stun, and Mrs. Hymn, effectively deciphering the bug-looked at appearance all over, took care of me the words â€Å"Santa infant, slip a sable under the tree,† in a thoughtful ‘sing song’ voice. Notwithstanding my unsteady beginning, as I started to sing, I found that never again was I feeling bashful and frightful, yet that being in the spotlight, if just for a moment, was really fun. I felt a proportion of pride in myself, not for performing impeccably, yet for marshaling the mental fortitude to act in any case. Presently in the entire plan of things, my acapella tryout may not give off an impression of being an enormous arrangement. For me however, it was a stage, a little yet particular advance, towards having the boldness to carry on with my life without my apparent limits, a stage towards turning into that individual who sets out to stand firm in class, who wears splendid hues, needing, requesting to be taken note. Julian has given me that you can never live in dread of judgment, dismissal, or disappointment. In this way, â€Å"if you care about something, you need to ensure it . On the off chance that you’re sufficiently fortunate to disco ver a lifestyle you love, you need to discover the mental fortitude to live it,† (A Prayer for Owen Meany). Julian has helped me discover my boldness. He has made me a superior individual, and for that my appreciation for him is as boundless as he may be.

How to Work with Headhunters to Find a High Paying Job

How to Work with Headhunters to Find a High Paying Job Looking for a higher paying job to transfer your career into the next level? You’ll probably find yourself working with a headhunter. But who are these headhunters and how can they help you find your dream career? © Shutterstock | Syda ProductionsWe’ll explain who headhunters are and how they work. We’ll give you tips on how to best gain the attention of a headhunter and  effective strategies to help land a high paying job.WHO ARE HEADHUNTERS?In order to maximize your use of headhunters, it’s helpful to understand who they are and how they operate. This guarantees you take full advantage of the assistance they can provide you and it prevents you from, on the other hand, expecting too much from them.Headhunters are essentially a type of recruiter, often referred to as third-party recruiters. Therefore, they help an organization find a candidate for a specific role â€" acting as the middleman.Headhunters differ from typical recruiters in the sense that they are often executive search firms, specializing in mid- and high-level jobs. Headhunters don’t typically deal with graduate or entry-level roles. They are essential for finding high paying jobs, as research shows as many as 60% of job s go unadvertised and instead are only known by headhunters.Furthermore, there are three different types of headhunters. The difference between these types mainly relates to the salary they receive.Contingency headhunters:  Search for the candidates on behalf of the organization and the headhunter will be paid only when the position is successfully filled.Retainer headhunters:  Search and often screen the candidates, with the organizations having exclusive contacts with specific headhunting agencies.  Commission can be similar in terms of the final payable to contingency headhunters, but the payment is not typically dependent on the position being filled.Hybrid agency:  There are a number of headhunting agencies using a hybrid model, under which part of the fee is paid upfront, with the rest being contingent on the filling of the position.As a candidate, you should know headhunters are always paid by their client, which is the organization looking to hire. This means the loyalty of the agency is on the client and not necessarily on you as the candidate.This can mean headhunters aren’t interested in providing any type of career counseling and other such advice for you.In addition, this can mean the recruiter goes for standard candidates, who match the job description, as these are what the clients tend to prefer. Overall, headhunters are not looking for the most talented or likeable candidate. HOW DO HEADHUNTERS OPERATE?So, what is the typical process a headhunter uses to find the right match? The name, headhunter, is rather suitable for explaining the proceeds, as headhunters tend to “hunt” for the right candidates, instead of necessarily waiting for the candidate to come to them.The basic process tends to follow these steps:The headhunter receives a job description from the client. Although occasionally, headhunters can be closely involved in creating the job description and better understanding things such as the corporate culture, as this can help fin d the right match.The headhunter analyses the key requirements and starts searching for the right candidate.The places headhunters tend to look for and often in this particular order are:The agency’s own candidate database.Personal contacts the headhunter has within the specific industry.  This might include people they’ve previously helped find work and other word-of-mouth referrals.Social media sites.  The most common used platform is LinkedIn, but Facebook can also be utilized.  Cold calling or cold emailing the candidates found on social media.Advertise the position on a job site.  This is relatively rare, but still an option headhunter might turn to.The headhunter creates a shortlist of suitable candidates and presents it to the client.In addition, certain headhunters and search executive firms are also in charge of the interview process. This means the headhunter shortlists the candidates to invite to an interview. The interviews can be an initial phone interview, together with a face-to-face interview for selected candidates. Afterwards they might present two to three candidates to the organization to choose from.It’s not unusual for the initial search or even interview process to come up with no suitable candidates. According to data, 30% to 50% of all recruiting efforts are classified as a failure.[slideshare id=30488532doc=guidetofindingandworkingwithheadhunters-140127082221-phpapp02type=dw=640h=330]HOW TO BEST GAIN ATTENTION OF A HEADHUNTER?Now that you are aware of the “hunting” process, you can begin improving the way headhunters take notice of you.Below we’ll introduce you the two steps that can ensure you can gain attention.Position and brand yourselfFirst, you need to position and brand yourself well in the eyes of headhunters. There are essentially two key routes for enhancing your employee brand: through a strong online presence and with a quality CV/resume.You need to focus on constructing a strong online presence on public socia l media platforms used by headhunters. The key platforms to focus on are LinkedIn and Facebook.What are the best practices you should focus on? First, it’s important to create a detailed, yet short enough, summary of your skills and past experiences. You definitely want to focus on highlighting the skills required in your ideal career. You need to remember headhunters will be looking at your profile and comparing it with the job positions, they are searching for.Therefore, you need to think about the roles and companies you want to attract before creating the online profiles. The best way to do this is to research your ideal job roles and companies to get an idea what they want. In addition, since you are perfecting your online profiles, focusing on keywords is important.Overall, it’s crucial to ensure your social media profiles are clean and professional, if you are using public profiles. In 2012, a survey by ExecuNet found 90% of recruiters searching for candidates’ names on line. Therefore, an unprofessional profile, use of profanities or inappropriate comments can damage your chances.The second key way to positioning yourself higher on the headhunter’s shortlist is with a quality CV/resume. The task is not easy considering headhunters only spend six seconds on individual resumes.Headhunters use ATS systems to scan resumes in their database, so it’s important to focus on the relevant keywords and ensure you send out your CV/resume to all relevant agencies. Once again, it’s crucial to ensure you target the roles you are looking for with your keywords. Standardized resumes are unlikely to provide you the results you are looking for.What are some of the other points you need for creating a quality CV/resume? You should focus on:Include the most recent skills, experiences and qualifications to guarantee the resume is up to date. Ensure you only highlight the relevant skills, experiences and qualifications in terms of the job you are looking for.Have a clear and attractive headline. The headline should immediately point out your experience, qualifications and ambitions.Erasing all grammatical errors. 59% of headhunters will reject a candidate simply because of spelling and grammar errors.[[slideshare id=46173277doc=awesomeresumetemplates-150323094821-conversion-gate01w=640h=330]Reach out to headhuntersYour second step should be to increase your efforts on reaching out. While headhunters are in charge of contacting you in terms of job positions, it doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be active in positioning yourself into their ‘inner circle’.If you can highlight your professionalism and qualification in terms of specific types of jobs, headhunters are more likely to remember you when appropriate job positions land on their desks.Networking is a crucial part of a job search. You want to keep growing your own personal network by focusing on both headhunters and industry professionals.Start by identifying the headhunters and industr y influencers who are related and relevant to your career goals. We’ll delve into identifying your career goals a bit more in the following section. The key to remember is that not all headhunters are relevant to you. You need to identify the headhunters with access to the roles you want.In terms of creating networking opportunities, you should be active in attending different events. Career fairs and other industry-specific events are great opportunities to meet headhunters, as well as create connections with different companies and industry influencers.When you make a new connection with a headhunter, you must be pro-active in staying in touch. Follow-up on the new connections and maintain a regular relationship. This should include staying in touch on social media, participating in any recruitment events the headhunter might organize, and sending an updated resume/CV every once in a while to the headhunter.Overall, it’s beneficial to have a list of the relevant headhunters, a nd include their names, organizations and contact details in the file. You can use the list to stay on top of the last contact, the resume they have in their files and any other additional information you might wish to remember.HOW TO FIND A HIGH PAYING JOB USING HEADHUNTERS?The key to getting a high paying job through headhunters relies on the understanding that it’s not the most skilled candidate that gets the calls. Headhunters will look for candidates that best fit the job description and requirements, not the people with the highest qualifications or the most experience.In order to ensure the headhunters pick up your resume or find your LinkedIn profile, you therefore need to focus on the following strategies.Identify your career goalsWe briefly mentioned in the previous sections how having a set of career goals can help with your interactions with headhunters. You’ll be better equipped to create the right kind of profiles on social media and to write a compelling resume, i f you know the career route you are after.If you haven’t established a career plan or thought about the career progression steps you want to achieve, you definitely need to start thinking about them. Only once you are aware of the roles and companies you’d like to impress can you start contacting the relevant headhunters.Knowing your ideal roles beforehand ensures you are more prepared to talk with the headhunters. They will also notice you are career-driven and know what you want from your career. This ensures they don’t try to match you with jobs that are clearly not suitable for you.Furthermore, you should also be aware of the kind of salaries you are looking for. You don’t want to accept interviews for jobs that don’t meet your salary expectations or spend time applying for jobs with insufficient benefit packages. Focus only on the headhunters and networks that help with above goalsDon’t send your resume to every headhunting agency you find. With your career goals in mind, you need to instead identify the agencies and specialists focused on your industry.Find different recruitment agencies by searching for “headhunters (your industry)” in Google. You can also use keywords such as “headhunters (ideal role)” or “recruitment agency (your ideal company)”. This can provide you a selection of options.When you find possible headhunters, check out the agency’s website for more information. Don’t be afraid to drop a quick note outlining your career interests and asking whether the recruiter has worked with similar job postings in the past.Finally, you can always ask more information from your network connections. People working in your ideal companies or roles might be able to provide insights into the headhunting agencies they’ve worked with in the past.Improve your qualificationsSince headhunters are only looking at the skills and qualifications mentioned in the job posting, you need to ensure you have these. Therefore, to maximize y our chances of obtaining those high paying jobs, you need to know the specific requirements of these roles.Once you have career goals in mind, you should start browsing job listings to see what sort of skills and qualifications are required for your ideal job. You can also search for the roles online with keywords such as “(your ideal role) skills and qualifications)”. Furthermore, you want to research the companies you are targeting and pay attention to their corporate culture. What kind of skills does the company keep mentioning and focusing on?Once you have a better understanding of these specific requirements, start developing your skillset to fit these descriptions better. This might require some training or simply taking on opportunities at your current role to enhance your skillset. For instance, you could step up to different managerial positions to improve your leadership skills.Be open-minded with the responsibilities and skills you develop. You might be looking for a career in marketing, but a high paying job in the industry could well ask for sales knowledge. Cross training is always a good idea, as long as it doesn’t take you too far away from your focus area.Furthermore, remember top class jobs often require more than just technical skills. The higher you climb the career ladder, the more you need to focus on soft skills such as communication skills, team building skills and so on. Therefore, you need to pay attention to developing these as well.As you develop these skills, update your resume and social media profiles with the new qualifications. Remember to target the specific keywords you’ve noticed companies using when searching for these roles.If you’ve sent your resume to headhunters, remember to update them with the adjusted resume frequently. Not only does this ensure you’re resume is focused on the specific skills, but the contact can ‘bump up’ your resume on their list.Strengthen your role as industry expertFinally, you†™ll be higher on the list of quality candidates if you continue to strengthen your role as an industry expert. This not only provides you better networking opportunities, but it also improves your resume.Furthermore, since headhunters are the ones ‘hunting’ for the right match, you can fall into their radar by being active in industry discussion. Headhunters can sometimes simply browse industry forums, social media and other such resources for suitable candidates. If your name keeps popping up during this search, you’re likely to attract interest.You should definitely consider starting a blog. Attracting a strong following with a blog will improve your online visibility. Readers are likely to share your blog posts and therefore headhunters might stumble upon them.Even if blogging is not for you, you should become an active participant in industry discussion. Search for industry specific forums, read other people’s blogs and comment on them, and join in on the social media co nversation. Finally, you should consider speaking at industry events and career fairs.Find out more about becoming an industry expert from the video below: FINAL REMARKSHeadhunters seek the right candidates for the most prestigious roles. If you want a high paying job or progress on the career ladder, then you definitely want to build relationships with headhunters. But for the relationship to be the most fruitful, you need to understand the ‘hunting’ process.Headhunters are not all going to be useful for you, but at the same time, you can’t just lie around and wait for them to call you. You need to identify the headhunters most beneficial for your career development plan and build an online and offline presence, which will get you noticed.If you are aware of what you want, develop the skills you need in your desired role and stay active in your communication with headhunters. They might just knock on your door with a lucrative job offer.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Computer In Business

The use of computers in business and research has completely changed the way society operated decades ago. The purpose of this article is to discuss three advantages and disadvantages of the Information System in Business that I have experienced and the consequences of using computers; as well as a brief acknowledgement on computer ethics and the impact of computers in society. Research findings indicate that the use of computers do pose positive effects on the continuous achievements of numerous industries, but regardless of the generation, computers still have limitations and negative impacts, such as increasing unemployment levels, health risk and global warming just to briefly name a few. A computer is an electronic device designed†¦show more content†¦(Wikipedia: Computer Ethics ) (Mason, (1986) lists four ethical issues of the information age: privacy, accuracy, property and accessibility (PAPA). Privacy leads to the responsibility to protect ones information; in protecting ones information persons can do a two-factor authentication. This means that whenever you log in to either Facebook, Instagram, Gmail etc., you will be prompt to enter a special code that the user (yourself) has designed so the platform can text to your phone. Accuracy is related to the authenticity of information. This can be achieved when persons provide information that can be compared to on a database within an authentication server. If the credentials match the user will be granted access. Intellectual property may appear to be difficult to avoid because of the reproduction of information; however it is not impossible with the use of paraphrasing, cite, citing quotes, quoting, references and citing your own material Finally, accessibility belongs to the responsibility of data collectors to control access and determine what information a person has the right to obtain about others and how the information can be used. (Trojet.net) Impact of Computers in Society Over the years computers and the internet have been responsible for the positive changes in society. The increase in usage of computers and the internet has been a productive improvement in many industries and hasShow MoreRelatedCloud Computing : Is It Just Using Someone Else s Server?1418 Words   |  6 Pagesall our information. Cloud computing has its place in a business; there are various factors that must be evaluated when considering the use of this method data storage. 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I  would  like  to  thank  myRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Networks1422 Words   |  6 PagesAdvantages and disadvantages of networks I’ll start by saying that setting up a network is a serious job and should be done only by a person that is already familiar with the process of networking. The variety of options for setting up a home network can influence on a decision regarding the equipment needed to be purchase. Before deciding what hardware to buy you must first find out which type of network technology to use (by type of network technology I mean the way computers connect toRead MoreIs Use of the Internet Harmful? Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pagesmeeting place where people from all parts of the world can come together. It is a service available on the computer, through which anyone who has access to the Internet can receive. The internet is for a business owner, an employee, a student; it is for everyone. 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The Problem Of Evil Questions God s Existence - 995 Words

The Problem of Evil Questions God’s Existence An argument against the existence of God is based on the presence of evil in the world. This deductively valid argument is divided into two categories; human action and natural evil (Sober, 2005, p. 120). Human action discusses how experiences makes us better people, while natural evil are tragic events that are not under the control of humans. Each category is used as evidence to refute God as an all-powerful omniscient, omnibenevolent, or omnipotent being. In order to understand the strengths of this argument, it is important for an overall assessment of how the presence of evil questions if a Supreme Being actually exists, by arguing why a being of all-good would allow evil, importance of evil in a good world, and questioning God’s intervention in evil. An omniscient God knows that evil does exist because he allows it. First, God created man in his image. God made man with morally good qualities like love, faith, and kindness. Why? It is because of PKG. As Sober states in C ore Questions is Philosophy, â€Å"If God were to exists, then that being would be-all powerful, all-knowing, and all-good (all PKG, for short)† (p. 119). Second, he balanced out the good in man by also making man evil. To demonstrate, Horne’s Evil acts not evil people: their characteristics and contexts, he states the act of evil results from an individual’s assertion of the ‘naturalness’ of their act corresponding to the ‘unnaturalness’ act of others (2008,Show MoreRelatedEvil And The Existence Of Evil Essay1478 Words   |  6 PagesEvil and miracles, can they both exist in our modern everyday life? Evil s existence has no doubt to be present due to all the horrors we have heard about or witnessed. While as for miracles, the existence is constantly questioned if they exist and what classifies as a true miracle. These concepts battle with theism and cause a great uproar to the existence of a powerful, omnipotent, and omniscient bein g. The definition of evil is the absence of good while the definition of a miracle is an unexpectedRead MoreEssay On Augustine And Aquinas1567 Words   |  7 PagesKatie Farley Question Set #6- AUGUSTINE AQUINAS DUE TUESDAY, OCT 17th BY 7PM ON BLACKBOARD. 12pt FONT AUGUSTINE (a) What problem made Augustine dissatisfied with Christianity? (b) For what reasons did Augustine become dissatisfied with the Manichees? Augustine wanted to know if God is all good then why is there evil in the world. â€Å"The Christian God was proclaimed to be both almighty and perfectly good. But if that is so, where does evil come from† (pg. 228). He wanted to understand howRead MoreWriting Style Used : Mla912 Words   |  4 PagesHamartiology: The Problem of Evil Hamartiology, also known as the doctrine of sin, has been debated for centuries due to the confusion about the existence of evil in the world God created. This doctrine is more than an explanation for the problem of evil, but it affects our relationship with our all-powerful, all-loving God. The problem of evil, indeed, is an issue that objects to the belief of God s existence. Being the label for a series of problems involving God and evil, evil is seen in manyRead More`` Logical Problem Of Evil `` By Lee Strobel1377 Words   |  6 Pagesto the non-believers, the questions of a higher power and its existence comes into question as we debate on how or why if God is All Powerful, All Knowing, and All Good, how can He allow such atrocities to befallen mankind and the world? The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy defines theodicy as â€Å"a defense of the justice or goodness of God in the face of doubts or objections arising from the phenomena of evil in the world.† How could evil exists in a world made by God, the Omnipotent? In an articleRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil And Atheism1187 Words   |  5 Pagesowe to prove his thesis about the problems of evil and atheism, Rowe asks three fundamental questions. The first question, â€Å"is there an argument for atheism based on the problem of evil that could rationally justify atheism?† Supporting his question, Rowe by uses the idea of human and animal suffering.is it reasonable for omnipotent, omniscient being(s) to permits its creation to suffer by extinguish each other for their own personal benefits. If there is such a thing as an omnibenevolent, omnipotentRead MoreEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 Pagesone of his main theses, which is the existence of God. One o f the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof for the existence of God comes from the evil demon argument, which he proposed, in the first meditation. It is this evil demon argument, which will be the topic of the following discussion. The purpose of Descartes#8217; evil demon argument is to establish doubt upon his belief that God is the sole figure who puts thoughts into his mind. A God that he believes to be an omnipotentRead MoreThe Existence Of God1304 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I’m going to argue that there exists only one God who is the most beneficent and the most merciful and that Blackburn’s claim for the existence of evil doesn t prove that there does not exist a God who is all knowing, all good and all powerful. Exposition:(349 words) In chapter five, Blackburn expresses his take on the existence of God. He believes that people with religious beliefs have to be evaluated â€Å"in terms of truth and falsity†. He thinks that that it is just the set of ritualsRead MoreThe Problem of Evil accoding to Saint Augustine Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesThe Problem of Evil Saint Augustine was one of the first to really address the problem of evil in the Christian sense. After disbanding from the Manicheans due to his dissatisfaction with the way they viewed the problem, he reasoned a sound solution to the problem of evil that could put Christians minds at ease. Saint Augustine lived from 354-430. During the era in which he lived, his world was a crockpot of instability and suffering. The Roman Empire, a symbol of strength, was falling. He lostRead MoreEvil And The Existence Of God1147 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is based on how the problem of evil attacks head on into the existence of god who is all good, all powerful and all knowing. The problem of evil is a wide area that can t be outrun easily. The concept of evil has been problematic to many philosophers. When speaking about evil, we all have the idea that is the absence of good. For some religious people, Evil has been described as a supernatural force, although for others is been described as part of the human nature. Blackburn mainly raiseRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil, The Fine Tuning Argument And The Moral Argument1210 Words   |  5 Pagesto argue that God exists. The three main concepts that I’m going to talk about which which are the problem of evil, the fine tuning argument and the moral argument. According to theism, God is: â€Å"that being which no greater is possible, and he is omnipotent, omniscient and omnibenevolent.†. By having a God who only desires good, and us living in a world where evil exists, it is logically impossible and that is what created the problem of evil. There are two sides of the problem of evil which are the

Security EConsumer Awareness Free Essays

string(311) " time the cameras are checked the information may be already stolen which could have bad effect on the company and its reputation but if you used both of the measure to try to prevent key logging you have the best chance to prevent in with a very high effectiveness of achieving protection against key logging\." Security E? consumer Awareness When you buy a product from an online store you expect the company to keep your data safe from loss and damage. For the company to do this they need to look in to threats to the data and how to stop this, a company needs to know the laws of data protection and different ways to prevent this like firewalls and antivirus software and encrypting the customers data to stop people reading it, this report will tell you about the types of threats ways to stop these and the laws of data protection. All companies should do a risk assessment; they should do this to make sure that the data on the computer is safe. We will write a custom essay sample on Security EConsumer Awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now A risk assessment finds risks and then rates them and then says how they will be fixed. Threats to your data through an Organisations website Data intercepted by copycat website or phishing Data intercepted by use of copycat web site. The way they do this is to send you an e? ail for example saying you have to check something on your bank and at the bottom of the email there will be a link that looks like your banks website but in fact it sends you to a different website that looks the same and then you enter your detail to your bank then the owiners of the copycat website will be able to take your identity and your money. Here is an example of how they do this underneath. As you can see the address in the email will be spelt wrong or have something extra like this one has an ip address in the front this is a big give away because professional bank website would just have the bank name, this kind of e? ail is usually blocked by your spam wall in your e? mail address but if you do ge t an e? mail from the bank type the URL in the search bar or search engine The one on the right is the correct one because as you can see there is no number in front and it just says the banks name, also you can see there is https which stands for hypertext transfer protocol secured this is only on the official bank website to try to stop hackers. Usually the banks logo will be next to the URL address as you can see from the example above this is another way to check if the banks website looks legit. Companies can help people not fall for these traps by providing bank protection software to the entire user; many banks do this now and run this with your normal protection like Norton but the best way to prevent these scams is to teach people how to avoid the traps this has the highest effectiveness against this scam but the computer also has to have anti? virus software that also looks for these scams and this will give you the highest effectiveness against you falling for this trap. The effectiveness of these preventions is very high but this depends on the versions of the software that you have and if the software reads it as a threat or the real thing but the way that has the best effectiveness would be to teach employees and customers about the threats and show them examples of how they would really send them for example they would send â€Å"Dear† then your name rather than â€Å"Dear Customer† because then that would show they know you and not just trying to guest who you have accounts with, this would be the best way to prevent these scams and I feel would have the highest effectiveness against this scam. Key loggers Key loggers are used to intercept your data which you type into your keyboard hacker usually use this to get passwords to bank amount and any other thing that requires a password. A key logger remembers everything you type and everything you delete, for your computer to get a key logger on it you have to download it because it software but key logger are usually hidden or disguised as another piece of software so you download it be accident, a key logger runs in the background of your computer so you don’t even know that its running. The way to block key loggers is to make sure your fire wall on and after you download any software use should scan it using your virus protection software. This can happen by employees using the company’s internet to download things that they are not meant for. The way a hardware key logger works the device is put in between your keyboard and computer tower then on the same computer open up note pad and each key logger comes with a three digit code that you have to hold down at the same time to bring up what has been key logged on that computer. To prevent key logging these companies can installer anti spyware, but now programs like Norton and MacAfee have this type of protection built in as well, this will only work if the program is kept up to date this is because there are new virus and bugs being made all the time. The effectiveness of these types of protection is very high as long as the anti? irus software is running at its highest version by being kept up to date, but it is not 100% because some key loggers may not be detected because there not in the protection software’s virus database or they might not be detected because there inside another program that’s not detected as a virus. To protect against hardware key logger in a office there are many ways like adding CCTV and keypad locks to doors but these might all catch who doing it and not stop it right away so by the time the cameras are checked the information may be already stolen which could have bad effect on the company and its reputation but if you used both of the measure to try to prevent key logging you have the best chance to prevent in with a very high effectiveness of achieving protection against key logging. You read "Security EConsumer Awareness" in category "Papers" Data copied by employee Your data can could become copied by employees and of loss or copied by human error problem with this is that human error is very hard to spot because most of the time the files are moved, copied, loss or deleted but accident so the employee could be given personal data away unaware that they are doing it, if corporate files are lost or stolen they can be valuable to the company or loss the company a lot of money. Dishonest employees will copy the files a flash drive like a USB or external hard drive if it a lot of information with the information they copy they will sell to other companies for large sums of money, they could As you can after you open it in notepad it gives you options to see what has been reordered along with other options. This type of key logger costs around ? 30 pound which is cheap is you were taking people banks details or selling information to other company. use the information to create a fake identity for them or they could use them to empty your bank account which could give you big debt and a bad credit record, which mearns you could be refused loans, credit cards and a mortgage for your house. The way that this can be prevented is to disable USB slots on all computers and give the employee work e? mails that can be monitored. The effectiveness of these preventions is good but not 100% because depending on the job the employee will still have access to the internet which mearns they might not use the company email and use their own which mearns some of the fixes wouldn’t work and to data could still be stolen. Another way that would make there protection against data being stolen very effective is to add levels of access to information meaning only employees with the right access level can get certain information from the servers which would allow pretty high effectiveness against information being stolen because it makes the group smaller that has access to it meaning if it was stolen it would be easy to find who did it meaning that the risk of getting caught is higher so this adds the scare factor to stealing the companies personal information or bank detail because the risk of getting caught is very high which mearns the effective of this method is very high. Data sold by employee If the employee sells the data they can make a lot of money by selling to gangs to make fake identities or to other companies so they can try to sell you products through the mail or over the phone, if your information is sold people could run big debt up in your name or even take the money that you have been saving up in your bank. The way the company can prevent people from selling their data is to have CCTV watching the offices and disable the USB ports on the computer this will prevent people from plugging in portable memory in the pc and copying the data across, also the company should use internal monitoring on all the pc in the offices and a check after work hours should be carry out to see if people have copied any information across or sent it using the internet. Also the company could make employees sign an agreement that will show the employee what would happen if they were to steal the data and this might prevent it because they may feel that the chance of getting caught is higher. The effectiveness of having CCTV around the office is very high the reason for this is because if they feel that they are being monitored the chance of them getting caught becomes a lot higher meaning the risk for reward may not be worth it but the best way to prevent this would be to disable the USB drive and monitor the computers using internal monitoring software this would have the highest effectiveness against people stealing data because if they steal the data they are going to get caught because of the monitoring software meaning again the reward isn’t worth the risk. Data sold by company The company is allowed to sell data to other third party companies for a lot of money the reason they do this is so the other company can also they to sell you products over the phone or by post, this is only allowed if the person doesn’t tick the do allowed third person parties to see my information, if this box is not ticked the company is allowed to sell it on to all of it third person companies but some companies sell it without the person permission if this happen and the company id found out it will be closed down because of the laws it has broken. An example of this is when a phone company sold information on about when contacts run out so other companies could phone up and try to sell phones and contacts, the article is show below. Companies should train employees so that they don’t make mistakes and also make them aware of the Data Protection Act. The way the company could prevent this is to make sure they are up to date with the Data Protection Act and if they are planning to sold this information to third person parties they need to make sure they have permission from the customers because if this information is sold without them knowing or agreeing they will use trust in the company meaning they could loss customers. This would be one of the only ways of preventing this because if the company wants to sell the information they will because it’s up to the board of directors and they can’t really be restricted by anything in the company because they could bypass most blocks that would stop employees because they have control of the monitoring and have the highest access level. The effectiveness of this prevention is very low because in the end they company has the final say on were the data goes and who can have access to it, the reason for this is because they can do what they want with the data, so no matter what protection the company has to prevent employees they could go ahead and sell information for more profit. Data stolen by hackers Your personal information could be intercepted by hacker when you are signing on to a website or where your information in store on a company server and hacker have broke the firewall and decryped to code then the hacker could sell your data or use it for there own personal things like buying cars and house or even running up un? payable debt. An example of hacker steals company data is when a hacker claimed to have broke into a t? moblie server and got information about address and corporate information, the article is shown below. The article states that the hacker has got people personal information and is now going to sell the information to the highest bidder, to stop these companies should be running regular checks to see if any information has been copied by hackers. There are many ways the company could stop hackers from taking and gaining access to their information, the first way would be to make sure the company has an up to date firewall that will prevent hackers from gaining access to the network, along with this though they should also have anti? irus and spyware software install this would make sure if an unwanted visitor was on the server the information would be secured and the visitor signal would be blocked. The next prevention would be for the company to encrypt there data so that if hacker intercept th e data when its being transmitted they will not be able gain anything from it because it will encrypted with an 120 bit encryption or higher meaning they would not be able to break it or would take a long time. Also the company could make sure that the data is transmitted across the faster route to get to its destination meaning there are less places for the hackers to intercept and gain access to the information. The effectiveness of a firewall in a company is very high because this will stop unwanted people being able to snoop on the server or network but his will not stop the hackers 100% because firewalls are not unbreakable by some high level hackers but if you were to have firewalls and then have anti? virus and spyware software installed this would make the effective a lot higher because they would have to break and bypass a lot more system and have a higher risk of getting caught before they find what they what meaning this has a high effectiveness against the hackers. The effectiveness of stopping hackers intercepting data by encryption and making the chain of transfer shorter is very effective because encryptions are hard to break of take a long time even for the best hackers. So if you have all these preventions it will have a very high effectiveness against the company’s information being stolen. In correct or out of date data stored by a company If you send the company wrong information such as phone number, address, postcode etc. This can be bad because if the company think you are sending wrong information be you’re not the owner of the account they will contact the bank and the bank will lock the account until the owner comes into the branch. Also if wrong information is stored on the server they could be sending your private information to the wrong address like bank statements or private letters so it’s always important to keep your information up to date so your information doesn’t end up in the wrong hands. Also companies should update records to comply with Data Protection Laws, this makes sure that all data it kept safe and only people with the correct access level gain access to the information also this prevents the company from transferring details to other people without your permission. There are many ways to prevent in correct or out of date data being stored by the company the main way to update and back up information weekly and send it to a different off site server, this will make sure the information is kept up to date and stored correctly meaning wrong information in used. Another way would be to make sure that the wrong records aren’t edited is by only allowing them to edit new record and if they want to access a existing record they have to bring it up and the server will only allow certain edits to the data this would prevent the wrong data from being stored on the server. Also only certain people should have access to stored data this will prevent people from opening it to view it and then changing something so the data is stored wrong because this could be bad for the company because private information could be sent to the wrong people which could mean the company break the Data Protection Act and could be held responsible. The effectiveness of the preventions is very high also as this backing update and updating is done weekly and is stored different location to the main information the reason for this is because if it stored in the same placed if the data is changed or corrupted it could also happen to the backup copy of the information. If it wasn’t stored of site backing up the information would be pointless. Also making sure the information can only be changed and access by certain people has a high effectiveness because there less people that can change it by human error meaning the information will be stored correct. Loss due to error or Hardware failure A company could loss data by hardware failure, if a company loss data by hardware failure it can cost them time and money so the company should always have their data saved in two different server in different building, basically they should do a backup every night so if there is a hardware failure they can go back to yesterday’s work and personal, so yes they do loss some stuff but not everything. Sometimes big companies get virus which is set to destroy valuable data or corrupt valuable data big companies should run regular checks to check their firewall has not be attack and broke by a virus because when they do the backup to their second server the virus could get sent there and the all the information could get deleted or corrupted which would loss the company money and customers. Data loss comes from the state data spill, Data loss can also be related to data spill incidents, in the case personal information and cooperate information get leaked to another party of people or deleted. Also backup policies should be in place and backup should be checked occasionally to see if they work or not and if they are effective as they might not work. A way to prevent loss due to hardware failure is to make sure your technology is up to date, a way to do this would be to upgrade the hardware regularly this will give it less chance of failing because it will not just break down due to age or become ineffective. The effectiveness of upgrading hardware is low the reason for this is because the hardware is very unlikely to fail if it well looked after and kept at a low temperature this will ensure that you will not lose data due to hardware failure. The effectiveness of backing up data on an offsite location is very effective because it will stop data from getting corrupted but needs to be regularly re? acked up so it’s kept unto date, the reason this works so well is because if the original data on the main server is loss and corrupted the backup version of the data will be unaffected because it has not connection to the original server where to main data is stored the reason for this is there only an active connection when th e data is being backed up to the offsite server and this minimise the risk of the backup data being corrupted. Along with this you need to make sure the server is secure has antivirus software installed the effectiveness of this is high but this kind of software can always be bypassed but will allow good security against low level hackers who are trying to destroy data, if this security is used and the data is backed up weekly it will have high effectiveness and will minimise the risks of data loss due to human error or hardware failure. Natural disasters An over looked type of data loss is via nature disasters such as floods, fires, hurricanes or earthquakes if one of these hit the building were you were storing all your data there data would be loss without any chance of recovery because the server would be destroyed, so companies should back there data up to different building away from the first server so if that server get broke by a natural disaster. Also your server should be stored off the ground floor because then there is less chance of the flood reaching your servers and the last thing is all server rooms should be fitted with co2 sprinkler not water because water will damage the server do this and your data is more secure from fires. The effectiveness of backing up data on an offsite location to prevent loss due to natural disaster is very effective because it will stop data from getting corrupted but needs to be regularly re? acked up so it’s kept unto date, the reason this works so well is because if the original data on the main server is loss and corrupted the backup version of the data will be unaffected because it has no connection to the original server where to main data is stored the reason for this is there only an active connection when the data is being backed up to the offsite server and this minimise the risk of the backup data being corrupted, but this will only be effective if the offsite location is in different area to the main server so if a natural disaster hits only the main server is destroy or damaged. The effectiveness of putting the server of the ground floor to prevent flood damage is high because to will stop the floor reaching the servers and damaging them but this would only work if the foundations of the build were sthrong because if the floor was sthrong and the building was weak the building may fall meaning the prevention was pointless. The effectiveness of having fire prevention is high but there is still a risk of loss of data the reason for this is that if the fire starts in the server the co2 sprinkles will go off but some of the data will be loss before the fire is put out, but if all these preventions are used together it will give you high effectiveness against natural disaster damage and loss. When you’re searching a website for a product and buying products from a websites you need to know that your details are secure and that no one can take your identity or use your money on other products you don’t want, there are ways to check the website is secure so that people can’t get your details, the three main ways are looking for the HTTPS, the padlock and the security certificates the three ways are shown below. Padlock HTTPS Security Certificate SET which stands for Secure electronic transactions is standard protocol for using your credit or bank cards over an insecure networks like the i nternet ecure electronic transactions is not a payment system but some protocols and formats the let the user to employ the existing credit card payments on an open network, it gained to gain traction. VISA now premotes the 3? D secure scheme. Websites and computers now use firewalls to stop hacker, Trojans and spyware these firewalls come on the website and computers but you can buy better firewalls like Norton firewalls stop identity thief and lots of other things that take data from u and could take your money these firewalls are a big advancement on security but people are still find ways to get passed them that’s why you have to buy the new version of Norton every year and update daily to ensure new viruses can be caught. Also websites and companies use user names and passwords this is to stop people getting to the system and taking data and using it to steal peoples things, also big companies use access levels for example MI5 use access level to stop new employees seeing top secret data and to make sure people only see what’s in their pay grades also employees should have passwords but they should have to change them regularly to avoid revelation. Antivirus software is available to buy from shop or online, antivirus software protects you from identity thief, stolen details and etc. There are many antivirus software’s some of the main ones are Norton and MacAfee these cost about ? 5 per year this is because it protects you from many different dangers that could make you loss item or stolen your thing like work and all of the firewall’s and virus protections offered by Norton is shown below. When data is being sent from a computer to a server that contain personal and credit card d ata information the data in encrypted to stop people intercepting the data and reading it the encryption changes a password for example from jamesjamesjames it would change it to something like rygf84943gv43g3t83vg347vt539v, so if someone took that data they would be unable to use it. For example Game. co. uk tell you that they encrypt there data with a 128 bit encryption so this mearns its petty much unbreakable. When a company is working with data like personal and bank information all of he employees have to agree and sign the data protection act this mearns that they agree to keep any information there given a secret, for example they can’t download data and give it to another company or another person because then they would be breaking the data protection act they have signed and could get fined or go to jail to up to 10 years. Also there are laws that also stop an employee or a company giving data away to other companies or people but big companies find ways to get aro und this because they are legally allowed to give your data to third person party of their company unless you say otherwise. Business that keep personal and bank information on site should have physical security like cameras and guards and even guard dogs if the information is they import, they need this because it’s no good having amazing fire walls well someone could walk and a pick the server up and walk out. The DPA which stands for Data Protection Act 1998 is a UK act of parliament which is a UK law on the processing of data on identifiable of living people. It’s the main piece of info that governs use to enforce protection of personal data in the UK. The DPA does not mention privacy it was made to bring the law into line with the European Directive of 1995 which requires members to start to protect people fundamental rights and freedoms. This law is very effective and people get caught and feel the law hit them every day around the world. There are 8 data protection principles that relate to the data protection act 1998 they are as followed: 1. Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless – (a) At least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and (b) In the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met. 2. Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. 3. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. 4. Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. 5. Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. 6. Personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects under this Act. 7. Appropriate technical and organizational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. 8. Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. The most important of these is 7, The CMA which stands for computer misuse act 1990 in an act of parliament this was introduced partly in response to the decision and R v Gold Schifreen 1998, the act has nonetheless become a model for which many other counties have drawn to when making their own visions of the CMA. The Consumer Protection Regulation mearns if you sell goods or services to consumers buy the internet, TV, mail, phone, or fax you need to stick to consumer protection regulations the key parts of these regulations mearns that you must give consumers clear information including details of the goods or services offered delivery arrangements and payment and you must also provide this information in writing and the consumer has a cooling? off period of seven working days. How to cite Security EConsumer Awareness, Papers

John Bardeen Essay Example For Students

John Bardeen Essay 1908-91, American physicist; b. Madison, Wis. He wasknown for his studies of semiconductivity and otheraspects of SOLID-STATE PHYSICS. The first to win aNobel Prize twice in the same field, Bardeen shared the1956 physics prize with Walter Brattain and WilliamShockley, for work in developing the TRANSISTOR,and the 1972 physics prize with Leon Cooper and JohnSchreiffer, for their theory of SUPERCONDUCTIVITY. Bardeen, John (1908-1991), American physicistborn in Madison, Wisconsin. Working at BellLaboratories in New Jersey, Bardeen was a memberof the team that developed the transistor. For thiswork, he shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics withAmerican physicists William Shockley and Walter H. Brattain. In 1972 he shared the Nobel Prize inphysics with American physicists Leon N. Cooperand John R. Schrieffer for the development of atheory to explain superconductivity. He was the firstscientist to win two Nobel Prizes in the sameBibliography:

The Feudal System Essay Example For Students

The Feudal System Essay The Feudal SystemThe feudal system was a political, military, and economic system based on the holding of land. The system was developed since the whole entire basis of rule from all the civilizations before the Middle Ages was lost. Early Europe was in desperate need of such a system since they were constantly being raided by the Vikings and other outsiders. Man was lonely during the Middle Ages. Life was very harsh and everyone worked except the king. The usual life expectancy was 35. People lived in small farming communities. Everyone lived in constant fear of being raided by foreign invaders such as the Vikings. When they were not worrying about being invaded they were scared of plague and other living conditions. Mans position in the world was unknown. Knowledge, wealth, and governing body had to be recreated. Cities were far and few between and much less populated and developed like todays cities. The Middle Ages was a religious age. Man clung to God as creator. People painstakingly built churches. Religion was what was the most important to people for a long time, and to be excommunicated was horrible. We will write a custom essay on The Feudal System specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As time progressed the feudal system was created. It was designed to divide the lands and protect from attack. The king first gave a fief or a piece of land to a royal vassal. As proof for this exchange in land a vassal would swear to the lord to be his man all the days of his life and protect him against all men who may live or die. Next came investiture. Investiture was a symbolic gesture when a King or a lord presented a royal vassal or a vassal a stick, a small rod, or a clod of earth to show that he has given him a fief. Now this royal vassal was in charge of a huge piece of land. In order to defend it he would then divide his land into smaller pieces. He would take these smaller pieces and give them to warriors or who agreed to be his own vassals. Thus, the royal vassal became a lord to other vassals. The vassals now under this lord would now divide their lands and grant fiefs to warriors of their own. Last in the dividing of land was the knight whose parcel of land was too sma ll to be divided. Everyone in the feudal system worked except the king. A lord could demand 40 days of battle from his knights in a time of war. During peacetime a vassal had to hold courts of justice, charge tolls on bridges, collect taxes, and much more. A peasant lived on a manor or a small estate from which the lords family gained everything it needed. A peasant farmed the land and did lots of jobs for the lord. Serfs were kind of the same as a peasant except at birth they were bound to the land and could not leave. A free peasant might have become a serf if a bad harvest took place in exchange for bread and protection. Words/ Pages : 533 / 24

What Computer Skills Do Employers Expect From Rece Essays

What Computer Skills Do Employers Expect From Rece Essays What Computer Skills Do Employers Expect From Recent College Graduates? What Computer Skills Do Employers Expect From Recent College Graduates? Philip Davis, Instructional Technology Librarian Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y. Table of Contents Cornell University 2 Cornell Library Conducts Study 2 Research Methodology 3 A Review of the Results 3 Rankings, Groupings, and Correlations 4 Ranking Computer Skills: 4 Grouping Computer Skills: 4 Other Computer Skills 4 Comments From Employers 5 Variability of Employment 5 Communication Skills 5 Adaptability 6 What Do These Results Mean? 6 Why is this research important for librarians? 7 What Computer Skills Do Employers Expect From Recent College Graduates? Philip Davis, Instructional Technology Librarian Cornell University Ithaca, N.Y. The university is responsible for graduating students with the skills necessary to thrive and lead in a rapidly changing technological environment. Meanwhile corporate leaders are putting more emphasis on recruiting individuals with an understanding of computers and information systems. A nationwide survey by the Olsten Corp of 1,481 management systems executives found that computer literacy requirements for all job levels increased dramatically over a three-year period in the early nineties. However, another survey by HR Focus of 20 human resource executives found a lack of computer-literacy skills in recent college graduates. Cornell Library Conducts Study Cornell University's Albert R. Mann Library has a formal instruction program that reaches nearly 1,000 participants in over 60 hands-on computer workshops per semester. Workshop topics cover bibliographic research techniques, Internet searching principles, database searching skills, word Processing, Spreadsheets, and information management. Classes are supplemented by several online tutorials. Descriptions of these classes and tutorials are located at mannlib.cornell.edu/workshops/. The purpose of our research was to identify the computer skills employers felt were necessary when recruiting recent Cornell graduates. The results of this study were part of a larger evaluation of computing across the curriculum in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. This study was also used as a tool to evaluate our library's instruction program, and provided us with a comparison to a 1990 survey of employers, faculty advisors and graduates in the school of Agricultural Economics. Research Methodology Corporations who regularly visit the Cornell campus to recruit graduating students were our focus population. Our questionnaire was designed to gather information on five categories of computer literacy skill: 1)Creating Documents and Multimedia, 2) Working with Computer Programs, 3) Managing Databases, 4) Manipulating Numeric Data, 5) Computer Networks, a five-point scale was used to indicate competency levels. Of the 300 questionnaires mailed, 150 returned with usable responses. A Review of the Results Generally employers have a high expectation of computer literacy in recent college graduates (Figure 1). A total of 125 (83.3%) indicated that computer competency skills are either important or very important in the hiring decision. Within the Documents and Multimedia section, Word Processing (Figure 2) ranked the highest, with 144 (96%0 of employers expecting at least basic word processing skills. The majority of recruiters (97 or 67%) responded not relevant or none to Desktop Publishing Skills (Figure 3), whereas the re was a clustering of 41 respondents (112 or 75%) wanted at least basic Graphics or Presentation Software Skills (Figure 4). Lastly, the majority of employers did not consider Creating Internet Documents (Figure 5) very important, as 105 (70%) considered this skill not relevant, or would be willing to train. From the Working With Computer Programs section, employers showed a discrepancy in expecting the ability to install or upgrade software (Figure 6). Whereas, 61 (41%) respondents were seeking basic skills, 46 (31%) respondents indicated that this particular skill was not relevant. Ninety-four (64%) employers were looking for at least basic skills to create or modify programs or macros for individual use (Figure 7). The majority of respondents (67%) indicated that the ability to create commercial software (Figure 8) was not relevant to the job; however, for those who responded favorably, 21 (14%) were expecting either intermediate or advanced skills. Skills from the Managing Databases section scored slightly lower, with basic database entry and editing skills (Figure 9) coming out highest in this group-122 (83%) respondents expected at least basic skills. Generally Numeric Data skills (and specifically spreadsheet skills ) scored very highly as a group. Even the ability to perform detailed analysis (Figure 10) was expected by 86% of respondents. Lastly, employers responded very favorably to Computer Network skills (Figure 11). An overwhelming majority (93%) expected e-mail experience, and 63.3% expected competency with

Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure Using Captopril Research Paper

Pharmacological Management of Congestive Heart Failure Using Captopril and Its Therapeutic Implications (Drug Study ) - Research Paper Example The readings also showed that the pharmacological management of CHF may be typified into first line and second line agents. The first line agents consist mainly of ACE-I, diuretics and beta blockers, while the second line agents consists of digoxin and hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate. Captropil belongs to the second line of pharmacological agents. Use of Captropil had been found to enhance cardiac performance, among others. However, ACE inhibitors like Captropil sometimes causes in amigo-edema, painful tongue ulcers, and alveoli is to name a few. The implications of these and the rest of the findings are discussed in the conclusion. Discussion Congestive heart failure Congestive heart failure (CHF) is defined as an inability of the heart in supplying normal oxygen and nutrient demands to the body. CHF can be caused by a number of diseases which: (1) weaken the cardiac muscle; (2) harden the cardiac muscle; and (3) increase tissue oxygen demand beyond the capacity of the heart. This condition occurs primarily on elderly patients (Kaufman et al., 2008). Congestive heart failure commonly results from a dysfunctional heart muscle or myocardial dysfunction. CHF may also result from changes in the structure and function of the heart medically termed as progressive cardiac remodeling (Medifocus, 2011). The heart muscle enables it to pump blood to facilitate metabolism for the various tissues of the body. When the heart muscles do not function normally, blood flow through the heart and the entire body proceeds slower than normal. This causes increased pressure in the heart. The body responds to the decrease in the heart’s pumping capacity by the so-called compensatory mechanisms so that cardiac function can be maintained, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system (Medifocus, 2011).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The compensatory mechanisms can be activated for a period of months or years. During the time that these compen satory systems are functioning, no evident symptoms of heart failure are presented and the patient is regarded as asymptomatic (Medifocus, 2011). Heart disease classified as asymptomatic is one in which the patient does not experience undue fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations and chest pain during ordinary activities (Capezuti, Siegler, & Mezey, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should, however, be made very clear at this point that the functioning of the aforementioned compensatory systems will cause further damage to the heart in the long run, and consequently affect the circulation of the blood in the body. Such damage is caused by the changes brought about by process of structural remodeling where the heart may enlarge, the cardiac walls may thicken or become thinner and further decrease in the pumping capacity of the heart. One or a combination of these changes further weakens the heart and causes the pumping to be less effective until the patient eventually develops symptomati c heart failure (Medifocus, 2011). How CHF manifests itself depends on the type of stress the heart is being subjected to, in addition to which ventricle is affected. For example, disease affecting the left ventricle causes pulmonary edema. Meanwhile, disease affecting the right ventricle is more likely to cause edema to the lower limbs and other parts of the body. Moreover, CHF can affect the flow of blood to other organs. For example, inadequate blood flow to

Comprehensive Argument Analysis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comprehensive Argument Analysis - Coursework Example Finally she opposes the National Council for Adoption’s statistics for numbers of potential adoptive parents by suggests they might even be including Hilary Clinton amongst them. Exaggerated statements of this kind indicate a clear bias against the trustworthiness of the National Council for Adoption. The author suggests that encouraging people to choose adoption would involve coercion and bullying, using the 1950s as her example. However she fails to give real and concrete examples of how this would happen today. She fails to explore the possibility that adoption rates could be improved by greater availability of information and establishing it not as a shameful choice but one which a woman could be happy to make. Her argument is therefore very vague. I do not find this source credible. The tone is too bombastic and the author sets herself up as too opposed to the government to give her arguments credibility. She also attacks opposition statistics without providing any of her own to make a strong opposing case. The premises are that the statistics cited by the National Adoption Council (which argues that 1-2 million Americans want to adopt) are flawed. This is because the National Adoption Council includes in this figure anyone who even phones to enquiry about adoption. She concludes that the figure is ‘bound to be’ much smaller using the premise that only 2,193 Chinese baby girls were adopted by Americans in 1995 I believe the author’s premise that not all people who phone for information can be considered as serious adoptive parents is sound and so the statistics for potential adoptive parents is over-stated. However because she does not provide a statistical source of her own she has no way of knowing whether the ‘true’ figure would meet the demand or not. Her citation of Chinese girls adoptions to support her case is also weak and a non sequitur. A white couple may not want to

An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay

An Election Algorithm In Distributed Systems Information Technology Essay In our increasingly globalised, distributed computer systems have been changed several aspect of our life, especially parallel computing; these days commercial application provide the strength of the development of faster computer, which allow a large amount data in sophisticated way, for instances, economic and financial modelling, database, multimedia technology, and oil exploration. Parallel computing has the ability to solve larger problems, provide the attribute of concurrency, save time and money. Distributed systems architecture leads to a wider use of parallelism as future of computing sector; this evolution made possible to run software on concurrent process on multiple processors. One of the main issues in designing concurrent software is election algorithm. The issue of election algorithm is the very question the current paper seeks to answer. The importance of this issue leads to effectiveness enhancements by develop and design algorithm use a new technique. Therefore, the aims of this dissertation are design and develop this technique, also discuss the benefits of parallel computing. Rationale I have been used the computer and the internet for several of years, my concentration is networks with emphasis in distributed systems. Recently, the internet is vastly interconnected a variety number of computer networks in many different institutions, which make a huge motivation to be professional user; therefore, my MSc course at Oxford Brookes University is really brilliant opportunity for achieving this goal with deep information path for further research in software engineering and networks. In particularly distributed systems are one of the significantly growing on demand in this sector, as they used to accelerate the computational speed of the problem solving. Thus, one of the most fundamental problems in distributed systems is the leader failure, furthermore, it is spectacular to improve and enhance my C language programming. With all these changes in the area of computer industry, my goal to helps and assists for use the election algorithm in distributed systems with a new technique and software for solving the coordinator failure. During study of distributed systems with connecting of parallel computing, this was bring a new interested challenge to go more further in development and contribute to gain wide rang of knowledge, all of these will have prepared me for a future career in computer software engineering and broadened my perspective and enriched my life beyond my career aspiration. Preliminary Research (maybe) Objectives The objectives of this dissertation is to research and develop the theme of an election in distributed systems which allow a group of processes to elect one process to act as a coordinator when a failure happen. However, as well as to achieve this goal PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) and improve the understanding of this environment as it will used as an environment message passing for this project, this facility provides send and receive data message between processes and support concurrent programming, moreover it is easy and simple to spawn a set of processes. One of the most significant advantages of PVM is provide unified framework within parallel programs like cluster, where is possible for a programmer to divide a block of data into tasks that can run concurrently by send and receive data to all processes. This paper will focus on how to produce an election algorithm use above idea. This environment will be written in C language, and there will be a main program (Master), in which the user can initialise and make the declaration for the main attribute of executed program; there are varieties of functions to send and receive all data types during the communication between programs. The second program called (Slave), this program will carryout the operation after receive the data from master program, then packet the result and send it back. Finally, a part from the objectives will be self skills specifically improve project planning, programming as well as project writing skills. Methods The research methods which used to achieve these objectives will be as the following: Research the Oxford Brookes library for books and documentation for the distributed systems and specially an election and agreement, the library has a lot of sources, the book Distributed Systems: Principle and Paradigms [7] has cover important information to achieve the goal of this project; also the book Distributed Systems: Concept and Design [1] the was a brilliant theory to cover the distributed systems. Another book was giving a complete list of function, examples, and explanation to be familiar with virtual environment [2]. On the other hand, research the Internet, which has a lot of useful materials and describing an election algorithm [3]. Study and evaluate some kinds of algorithms those help and develop the topology idea of the project to achieve my goal. Produce a solution design to meet the requirement of the problem, as well as developed which needed for every task and discussed the findings with my supervisor. Moreover, PVM message passing communication design which gives a right direct path for problem solving. Implement every task as a proposed design use PVM library written in C language. System run and testing will be done on Cluster of school of technology. Make a review and keep an arranging to complete writing of the final report. Testing (may) Resources This dissertation will be achieved by using a variety of resources of software and hardware, also some of information and documents sources that cover all the area of the research. Software The environment of code will be writing in C language, that it support concurrent computer and UNIX, as well as it is simple language to understand. Moreover, it is also support the software PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). PVM is mainly designed for using by concurrent and heterogeneous environment; it is possible for providing a virtual view. There are many of useful websites like (http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/). Hardware The Cluster of Brookes School of Technology will be needed to implement the project, and all test and run steps will do on it. The cluster consists of 6 nodes with 1 main node ssh 161.73.146.51 connected as processors and run PVM which installed in every node. Information Sources and Experts Advice There are several of documentation belongs to PVM which can be found in the book of A Users Guide and Tutorial for Networked Parallel Computing as mentioned earlier, and websites [4]. Further more, the lectures of modules software technologies that have a good reference of covering the topic of distributed systems in general. Besides all of this my supervisor/tutor Chris Cox who gives useful advice and information as he is specialise in distributed systems programming. Schedule PERT Chart Gantt Chart Abstract The election algorithm code has been implemented according to the design decision made. It includes function to perform sending and receiving (communication channel) operations for group of functions to Acknowledgement I would like to take the opportunity to thank my supervisor Mr. Chris Cox who was always available to support when I missed up; I am deeply indebted for his constant help and advice. Since this push to more steps in my research, this reflects on the right direction to the target of finishing the dissertation. I want to thank my friend Abobaker Almowfeq for his encouragement and advice. Finally, I dedicated this thesis to my parents and thank them for the supporting throughout my MSc study in the UK. I am honoured to show my respects to them. They were my powerful source of energy. Contents Dissertation Plan Abstract Acknowledgement Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Importance of Concurrent Programming The Need of Election in Distributed Systems Structure of this Document Research †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Election Algorithm Theory Description Bully Algorithm Ring Algorithm Method Introduction Design Stage The Core Algorithm Comments on the Algorithm Evolution of the Core Algorithm The Software Development C Language PVM Cluster Testing Failure Simulation Testing Function Conclusions Critical Appraisal of the Project Achievement Area of Future Improvement Work Schedule Review Lessons Learnt List of Abbreviation DDMS (Distributed Database Management System) MPI (Message Passing Interface) MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) SMP (Symmetric Multi Processing) List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction The Importance of Concurrent Programming The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of concurrent programming computing, a concurrent program is a set of sequential programs that can be executed in parallel [book of principles concurrent]. On the theme of distributed systems that enable the computers to coordinate their activities and share hardware, software, and data. The strategies characteristics of the systems which include shared state, multiple computers, and a processor that suited to a particular function to make the improvement for performance and utilization. As well as the concurrent computing have the availability of fault interconnections give the predominance over all the others. All of these offer several advantages: The cost of this computing can be low; each individual task assigned to appropriate architecture that lead to optimized performance. Network computing can be offer a computer task partitioning along of services functions. Another advantage, the computing networks ha ve the capability to execute subtasks of a computation on tolerance. Consequently, one of the major problems that distributed systems face is the failure; this problem can be solved by election algorithm for the agreement to only one node that distinguished and all other nodes aware of it. Thus this paper describes the design and producing an algorithm to achieve communication of parallel programming in virtual environment. The Need of Election in Distributed System Election process is a program distributed over all nodes. When the leader has failed and discovered by one or more nodes, then election starts. The leader election algorithms are used in many topologies. For example, in token ring and when the node that has token fails, a new node should be selected from the system to have the token. The leader election is also used to sole single point failure in client-server that is when the systems need to transfer the leadership to another station and the fail occurs. Many researches have studied the subject of leader election algorithms. The researches presented different techniques and strategies to deal with the election algorithm. The objective of this dissertation is to research the election algorithm in distributed systems and design and develop an election algorithm in distributed systems to choose and agreed with biggest identifier to be coordinator. The software systems PVM used as a library of design and development. Structure of this Documents This dissertation has structured and separated into three parts. The first part describes and discusses the research topic theory of the election algorithm in distributed systems, as provides some applications with description to show and investigate their use in the subject of election algorithm. The second part describes the methodology that adapted to accomplish this dissertation, as well as outline design of the core algorithm and development description which shows the dissertation deliverables. The final part outlines the conclusion with achievement of this project. Chapter 2 Research This section shows the research and development of the related investigation; and moreover, the works that have been done relating election algorithm. It covers the theory of distributed systems and the failure problems; this part was particularly important in the progress of understanding an election and the agreement in distributed systems; and gives a clear idea for design the core algorithm. The need for software technologies module lectures, specially distributed systems was deceive; there were brief description for some material and examples of programming code those were good point to start from for this dissertation. Election Algorithm Theory (in Distributed Systems As more and more, distributed systems have been rapidly changed the field of computer science. Distributed systems are application that executes a collection of autonomous network computers to coordinate and communicate their action. However, the major goal of distributed systems including the ability to connect remote users with remote resources in open scalable way; in other words give an easy way and simple way for the users and application to access remote resources, and sharing the facilities included by efficient/controlled way. Furthermore, the brilliant benefits of sharing resources are vary; the obvious one is economic, that is to say reduce the expenditure for institutions, such as Universities, and also the collaboration will be easier to connect users and resources. This characteristic is a direct as a result of having independent computer [7]. Description An election algorithm: Is an algorithm for solving the coordinator election problem which is choosing a unique process from among a group of processes on different processors to act as central coordinator in distributed system, that is to say a group of processes on different machines need to make agreement to choose a coordinator[7]. However, there is no way to choose/select one process, if all processes are exactly the same and there are no distinguishing characteristics. Accordingly, there requirement is for the choice of elected process to be unique; hence election algorithm attempt to locate process with highest process number and designate it as coordinator [7]. When a failure occurs, which means one or more node fails, or during a communication channel fails the subsystem that enables the nodes/processes to communicate; there is necessity for the nodes to start coordination agreement to elect node for new situation, therefore live nodes can continue working to fulfil their task [3]. Distributed systems have to be adaptable to failures at least by two strategies. The first strategy is a capability for operating continuously and correctly by have software when failures occur (using an algorithm). The other strategy is to take a period of time out to reorganize the system by temporarily halt operation (reorganization by coordinator) [3]. The election algorithms vary, for example: Wired system which are for instances. Bully Algorithm (the biggest guy in town wins) Ring Algorithm Wireless system Very large-scale system Bully Algorithm It is an election algorithm, in the paper of Election in a Distributed Computing Systems by Garcia-Molina [9]; this algorithm can handle process crashes and the presumptions are all processes have got unique identity, all other processes in the network are known by every process and the system is synchronous, that is, there is a maximal time limit T within a request and if the requested process P is alive the request will be answered. However, the algorithm defined as, when there is no responding to the requests from the coordinator, there will an initiating for an election. Therefore: The process P send an election-message to all processors with higher numbers than itself, then P waits for answer-message. The process P will itself elected (P win the election), if the answer-messages are not arrive with in the time T, after that sends a coordinator message to all processors a lower number. Process P will wait a further time period T a coordinator message, if there is one or more answer-message A process P receives an election message and returns the answer-message, then start the algorithm from the beginning if there is nothing have been done before. A process P receives the coordinator message register the senders number and considers it elected. The algorithm will be started , when faulty process restarts; if the process which was previously down comes back up, it holds an election and if happens to be the highest numbered process currently running, this will win the election and take over the job of coordinator. As a result of that the biggest process in all processes always wins; therefore the name is bully algorithm. Here an example of the election of coordinator P2 after the failure of P4 [3]. Election Coordinator Stage 1 Election P1 P4 P3 P2 Answer Election Coordinator Election P1 Stage 2 Election P4 Election P3 P2 Answer Stage 4 Stage 3 coordinator Time out P1 P2 P3 P4 P2 P1 P3 P4 Figure (Bully Algorithm) In this operation, four processes are shown when process P1 detect the failure of the coordinator P4, therefore it is announces an election in the stage 1; during the receiving an election-message from P1, processes P2 and P3 send answer-message to P1 and start their own elect-ion, then in the stage 2, P3 sends an answer-message to P2, for P3 has no answer-message received from P4 which is failed process. Consequently, it decides that it is the coordinator; moreover, in stage 3 P3 fails too before it can send out the coordinator-message. When the timeout period expires for P1, it deduces the absence of the coordinator-message and begins another election; eventually P2 is elected coordinator. Ring Algorithm An election which is suitable for a collection of processes based on the use of a ring; in the book Distributed Systems Concepts and design [1] chapter12 section 12.3 provides a good reference and explanation of the subject of coordination and agreement. However, the messages are sent clockwise around the ring, any process can begin an election initially, every process is marked as nonparticipant in an election, it proceeds by making itself as a participant, so when any process notices that the coordinator is not functioning, it builds an election-message placing its identifier in an election message and sending it to its clockwise neighbour, when an election-message is received by a process, it compare the identifier in the message with its own, the message will be forwarded if the arrived identifier is greater than a received process; whereas, if the arrived identifier is smaller and the receiver is not a participant, then it substitutes its own identifier in the message and forwards it, but if it is already a participant, it does not forward the message. In addition, if the received identifier is that of the receiver itself, thus this identifier must be the greatest, and it becomes the coordinator. Accordingly, the coordinator makes itself as a non-participant once more and sends an elected message to its neighbours announcing its election and enclosing its identity. As well as, if the neighbour process which is received the election message is down, the sender will skip over the neighbour and goes to the next member along the ring, or the one after that until a running process is located. P1 Adds 3 (2 ,3) P1 Coordinator P2 P4 P2 P4 P2 Elected P3 Elect P3 message (2,3) P3 Elect-P2 message (2) P3 Elect-P3 message (2,3) Stage 2 Stage 1 Coordinator = P3 Sends elected P3 (2,3) P1 P4 P2 Elected P3 message P3 receives the message P3 Stage 3 Figure (Ring Algorithm) Supposing P2 detects that coordinator P4 is not responding, thus P2 sets active-list to ( ) and sends elect-P2 message to P3, after P2 sets active-list to (2). However, P3 receives elect-P2 which is the first message has been seen, so P3 sets its active-list to(2,3); then P3 sends elect-P3 towards P4 and sends elect-P2 also respectively, the message will pass P4 and P1 due to their crash and reach P2, the process P2 adds 3 to active-list (2,3), then P2 forward elect-P3 to P3 and receives the elect-P2 message which leads to choose P3 from P2 as the highest processes in its-list (2,3) and sends an elected P3 message, finally P3 receives the elected-P3 and P3 choose P3 as the highest process in its-list. This is an example of process which consists of four processes and the assumption is P1 and P4 are crashed. Distributed Database systems Distributed database technology required to merging of two significant concepts, the integration via the element of database and distribution through the element of networking. Therefore, distributed database management system (DDBMS) provides the powerful tools for managing an integrated collection of shared data, and supply total solution to information processing problems within large organization. Furthermore, the reliability of the data communication facility will be takes into its possibility. However, distributed database require one process to be a unique as coordinator to perform some activities. The [5] provides a reference for using election to choose the coordinator as continuing for duty is required when the coordinator process fails. The election algorithm [6] of TEMPO that running on Berkeley gives another use of choosing a unique process to be coordinator. TEMPO is a distributed system program that adapted on master and slave techniques running on individual process. The reliable communication services for LAN which TEMPO works in and to be sure about its continuity, an election is necessary to elect a new master and should have the ability to perform: withstand the failure of process when the election begin, deal with network partitions, and collect information about the topology of the system by allowing a time daemon. Chapter 3 Method Introduction This chapter describes the design and implementation of the election algorithm. The main point of the design is the aspect which will be used and adapted in order to finish this project; therefore various assumptions and decisions are made to develop main algorithm. In the dissertation proposal report there was assumption idea about the algorithms to be used, but when some design concepts have reviewed and researched the algorithm that based on Bully Algorithm was adapted. All following section covers technical and practical explanation, as well as the process of the design which are made. Finally, testing process to shows the algorithm performance Design Stage The Problem Specification Design After finishing the necessary requirement and research, there were many possible idea gathered in order to produce the design, formulate a clear manner of main election algorithm, and how to achieve the efficient solution to the problem. The design of the communication must take into account the topology of the network, which will be (cluster); the algorithms presented here assume a fully connected topology. Furthermore, the assumption that communications are error free is an abstraction and the assumption of finite but arbitrary transit times for messages is consistent; the algorithm do not to be sensitive to change in the relative speeds of the channel and processors at the nodes, so the correctness will never depend on absolute times. For each node there will be a unique identification number, the message passing model is consistent with that provided with PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine). There are two statements for communication: Sending and receiving messages Send (MessageType, Destination [, Parameters]) Receive (MessageType [, Parameters]) For example below node 1 sends a message of type request to node 2 with two integer parameters values 13 and 27. integer k= 13 send (request, 2, k, 27) integer m, n receive (request, m, n) node 1 node 2 (Node communication) When the message is received at node 2, these values are transferred to the variable m and n declared at the node. The core Algorithm Architecture Discuss the algorithm process Send side: Receive side: The design of the algorithm will using fully connected, and it is extremely efficient in that any node can send a message directly to any other nodes, but it is extremely expensive because it needs more communication channel. This design allows process to crush during the election where there are three types of messages; an election message is sent to announce an election; an answer message is sent in response to an election message and coordinator message is sent to announce the identity of the elected process. The drawing below shows four nodes which containing the data structures, that is A node identity and the number chosen by each nod 13 elected message{1.2.3.4} node 1 elected message {1} {1,2,3,4} {1,2} {1,2,3,4} 22 7 node 4 node 2 elected message{1,2} elected message{1,2,3} 18 node 3 {1,2,3} Figure (Fully Communication Architecture) The assumption of the election start from node 1 and the message is send to all other nodes ; and every process marked as nonparticipant in an election, when node 1 initiates/builds the election message placing with it its identifier which is 13 in active list {1} and sends it to all nodes neighbour, when as election message is received by all nodes, they compare the identifier in the message (13) with their own, consequently node 2 sends reply message to all nodes, because other nodes have lower identifier than it does. On another hand, node 4 does not send any reply message, instead adding all other nodes to its active list; also node 3 sends reply to both node 1 and node 4 but not for node 2; node 1 will reply message only to node 4 due to that the identifier number of node 1 is bigger than node 4. When node 2 sends reply message with its identifier which is the highest one to all nodes, its regarded as coordinator election message, and it will wait a period of time, then if it does not receive any reply from the nodes, thus it sends a message to all other nodes declare itself as coordinator. Node status is normal except while the node is in the process of joining a new group. Each node that is not the leader of a group call to checks whether the leader of its group is still alive, by sending a message to the leader and waiting for a reply. If the node does not receive a reply within the timeout period, the node invokes a recovery procedure. Each leader i call a check procedure, which sends message to every other node asking whether that node is a leader. If one or more other nodes reply that it is a leader, node i pauses for a time inversely proportional to its priority (this helps prevent multiple nodes from initiating elections concurrently) and then calls a merge procedure. The merge procedure sends message to all of other leaders, inviting them to join a new group with the inviting node as leader. When the leader i receives an invitation, it forwards the invitation to the other members of its group. A node i that receives an invitation (directly or indirectly), sends an accept message to the proposed leader of the group. If node I receives a reply to its accept message within some time-out period, then node i joins the new group, otherwise, node i calls the recovery procedure. If two nodes are in the same group, then they have the same leader at all times, for all operational node i and j, if status i = normal and status j = normal. Reliable Broadcast To ensure essentially that all correct processes deliver the same message, and that messages broadcast by correct processes are delivered. Furthermore, it ensures that no different messages with the same identifier are delivered. The consideration that, the reliable broadcast is executed by function broadcast (message) as the following: Reliable broadcast1 Validity: If a correct process broadcast message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast2 Agreement: If a correct process delivers a message M, then some correct processes eventually deliver M. Reliable broadcast3 Integrity: For any identifier ID, every correct process p delivers at most one message M with identifier ID, and if sender (M) is correct then M was previously broadcast by sender (M). The election message will use the flag, so the flag is used by application to inform which node is alive or dead, and below there is some assumption for that Comments on the core Algorithm First of all, the design in these algorithms have been influenced by Because the sender It long words here Amer Evolution on the core Algorithm Software Development When the choice of the design has made, and finishing the messages passing communication mechanism for the election algorithm. Furthermore, after final manner for the communication topology has chosen and proved , some technical and technology materials are required to reach the goal of this dissertation, like which kind of library and hardware to be used to implement, run and test the algorithm, also which language to be easy for the programming. Thus, the following sections discuss these issues. The C Language The simplicity of C language to learn, understand, and the advantage of its widely spread led me to make the choice to be adapted it as a programming language for the code of this project. Moreover, it is origin as the language of UNIX operating systems. This also gives more advantage as PVM library written in C, so it specifies a standard library with an extensive set of function that being powerful and efficient language. It is support low level of both applications the distributed and the network one. The Cluster Computers A computer cluster is a set of connected or linked computers that working close to each other through high speed local area networks to form a single computer. A cluster at least has two computer that called nodes, one master which typically has a job scheduler that arrange the work to slave